Keyboard accessibility is a fundamental part of creating an accessible web experience. For many people, including those with motor impairments, the ability to navigate a website using only a keyboard is essential. Unfortunately, not all website interactive elements are designed with keyboard users in mind. This is where ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) widgets often come into play—intended to improve accessibility but frequently falling short when misused.

Understanding the principles of keyboard accessibility and the limitations of ARIA widgets can help website owners, developers, and content creators deliver a more inclusive user experience. Let’s explore the most common keyboard accessibility issues, why ARIA widgets often miss the mark, and how you can design your website to meet Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) standards.

Why Keyboard Accessibility Matters

Keyboard accessibility ensures that all interactive elements on a website—like buttons, forms, links, and menus—are reachable and usable without needing a mouse. Many users, such as those with motor disabilities or vision impairments, rely on keyboards, screen readers, or other assistive devices to navigate web content.

Without keyboard accessibility, people using assistive technology can encounter significant barriers, preventing them from completing tasks or navigating the site. For instance, a checkout form that only allows interaction through mouse clicks will stop a keyboard user in their tracks, impacting their ability to purchase a product or service.

Common Barriers to Keyboard Accessibility

Some of the most common obstacles that keyboard users face on websites include:

Lack of Focus Indicators

• Problem: Without visible focus indicators, keyboard users may not know where they are on the page. This becomes particularly frustrating when navigating forms or interactive menus.
• Solution: Use CSS to style focus indicators and make them highly visible, such as by changing the border color, background, or outline. Here’s an example:

button:focus, a:focus {
	outline: 3px solid #005fcc;
	background-color: #f0f8ff;
}

Improper Tab Order

• Problem: Elements on a page need to logically match the visual layout. Without a logical tab order, users may be taken through an erratic sequence, which can lead to confusion and missed information.
• Solution: Arrange your elements in HTML to follow the intended visual order and limit use of the tabindex attribute. By default, elements will follow the document’s source order, so it’s best to organize your code this way.

Focus Traps

• Problem: Focus traps occur when users can’t tab away from a particular element, like a popup or modal. Once they’re stuck, the rest of the page becomes inaccessible until they can close the focus-trapped section.
• Solution: Ensure focus returns to the main content once the user dismisses the popup or modal, using JavaScript if necessary:

// Example of returning focus after modal close
document.getElementById("closeModalButton").addEventListener("click", function() {
  document.getElementById("mainContent").focus();
});

ARIA Widgets and Their Challenges

ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) is a set of attributes that help improve the accessibility of web applications, particularly for screen readers. However, ARIA widgets—such as dropdowns, sliders, and modals—often don’t work as expected for keyboard users if not implemented carefully. ARIA can enhance accessibility, but it can’t “fix” poor coding practices or make non-native elements fully functional on its own.

Why ARIA Widgets Often Fail

ARIA widgets can be highly effective but only if they’re properly coded, tested, and consistently used with accessibility in mind. Here are some common pitfalls:

Reliance on ARIA Without Semantic HTML

ARIA is not a replacement for HTML5 elements; it’s meant to enhance them. Using ARIA on elements that don’t support native keyboard interactions (like <div> for a button) means the widget might lack inherent keyboard functionality.

For example, instead of creating a clickable div with ARIA, use a <button> tag. Buttons come with native keyboard functionality and don’t require extra scripting or attributes to work as expected.

Overuse of role and tabindex Attributes

Misusing role attributes can disrupt how screen readers interact with elements. For instance, assigning a role= "button" to a div won’t make it work the same way as a real button.

Similarly, improper use of tabindex can cause elements to jump around in an illogical order. Stick to the natural flow of the DOM, using tabindex= "0" only when absolutely necessary to keep the order in sync.

JavaScript-Dependent Behavior

ARIA widgets often rely on JavaScript to replicate native interactions, but these scripts must be meticulously coded and tested. A JavaScript error could render an entire widget inaccessible.

Testing your scripts thoroughly with keyboard-only navigation is essential, especially for ARIA widgets. Missing key events like “Enter” or “Escape” can trap users in a widget or make it difficult to interact with.

Best Practices for Creating Keyboard-Accessible Interactive Elements

To avoid these pitfalls and ensure that your site is truly keyboard accessible, follow these best practices:

Prioritize Native HTML Elements

Whenever possible, use native HTML elements for interactivity (like <button>, <a>, <input>, and <select>). They come with built-in accessibility and keyboard support, reducing the need for complex ARIA attributes or custom JavaScript.

Use ARIA Judiciously

Use ARIA only when there’s no HTML equivalent, like custom dropdowns or sliders. And if you do need ARIA attributes, implement them carefully with an understanding of their purpose. For example, use aria-expanded to indicate the open or closed state of a dropdown menu:

<button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu">Menu</button>
<ul id= "menu" hidden>
  <li><a href="#home">Home</a></li>
  <li><a href="#about">About</a></li>
</ul>

Enable Logical Focus Management

Ensure that interactive elements maintain a logical and intuitive focus order. When creating modals or popups, use JavaScript to trap focus within the modal until it’s closed and then return focus to the last element interacted with:

const modal = document.getElementById("modal");
const lastFocus = document.activeElement;
// Trap focus within modal
modal.addEventListener("keydown", (e) => {
  if (e.key === "Tab") {
    // Logic to keep focus within modal
  }
});
// Restore focus after modal close
modal.addEventListener("close", () => {
  lastFocus.focus();
});

Include Skip Links

Skip links are simple yet effective. They allow keyboard users to jump directly to the main content, bypassing repetitive navigation menus. Add a skip link that appears when focused, like this:

<a href="#mainContent" class="skip-link">Skip to main content</a>
<main id="mainContent">
  <!-- Main content here -->
</main>

The Importance of Testing for Keyboard Accessibility

Testing is critical to achieving real keyboard accessibility. Use keyboard-only navigation to interact with your site, ensuring that each element responds to the Tab, Enter, and Escape keys appropriately. Here are a few tips for testing:

1. Turn Off Your Mouse: Try navigating your site using only the keyboard. See if you can reach every interactive element and complete all tasks.
2. Use Assistive Technology Simulators: There are free screen readers (such as NVDA or VoiceOver) that let you experience your website as a keyboard-only user would.
3. Run Accessibility Audits: Automated tools like Google Lighthouse or WAVE can catch many keyboard accessibility issues, but a manual review is still necessary.

Conclusion

Keyboard accessibility is a must for ensuring inclusivity on your website. By avoiding ARIA misuse and sticking to native HTML elements where possible, you’ll reduce barriers for keyboard users and create a smoother experience. Remember, ARIA attributes can enhance interactivity, but they aren’t a substitute for accessible design principles.

Testing with keyboard-only navigation will confirm that your site meets WCAG standards and shows your commitment to creating a web experience that everyone can enjoy—just in time for all your visitors to get the most out of your content and promotions. Reach out to 216digital using the contact form below if you’re unsure if your website is keyboard navigable.