Digital Marketing Tips and Strategies to Grow Your Business

Using NVDA to Test Web Accessibility
Making your website accessible isn’t just a checkbox to tick—it’s about creating a space where everyone feels welcome. Imagine trying to browse a site only to hit wall after wall because it wasn’t designed with all users in mind—that’s the reality for millions of people with disabilities. One of the most effective ways to understand and improve your site’s accessibility is by testing it with tools like NVDA (NonVisual Desktop Access). NVDA is a free, open-source screen reader for Windows that provides audio feedback, enabling users who are blind or visually impaired to explore and interact with digital content.

If you’re a developer or designer aiming to make your website user-friendly for everyone, testing with NVDA can be a real eye-opener. This guide will walk you through everything you need to get started—from setting up NVDA to identifying common accessibility barriers. We’ll also compare NVDA with other screen readers and share tips on integrating accessibility checks into your workflow.

Why Testing with a Screen Reader Matters

Testing with a screen reader is crucial for building websites that everyone can use and enjoy. Did you know that over 8 million people in the United States have a visual disability? Worldwide, an estimated 2.2 billion people are affected by some form of visual impairment. That’s a considerable number of users who rely on screen readers like NVDA to navigate the web. Yet, despite this need, studies show that 95.9% of the world’s top million homepages still have detectable accessibility issues, many of which directly impact screen reader users.

Common Accessibility Barriers

While standards like the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) exist to help ensure content is accessible, there’s still a gap between ticking the compliance boxes and actual usability. Some common accessibility barriers impacting screen reader users include:
- Missing or Incorrect Alt Text: Without alt text, images lack context, making it hard for users to understand what’s on the page.
- Improper Heading Structure: Jumping from an H1 to an H3 heading (and skipping H2) can make navigating a page disorienting.
- Inadequate Link Descriptions: Using link text like “Click here” doesn’t tell users where the link will take them.
- Lack of Keyboard Navigation: If elements aren’t reachable by the keyboard, users may not be able to navigate away from certain sections.
By testing your site with a screen reader like NVDA, you can spot and fix these barriers directly, ensuring your content is genuinely usable—not just technically accessible. This step is vital for engaging a wide audience, including customers who rely on screen readers for equal access.

Plus, by prioritizing screen reader accessibility, you’re not just meeting legal requirements; you’re showing that your brand values inclusivity, which can resonate with customers and build loyalty.

Getting Started with NVDA

Ready to dive in? First, you’ll need to install NVDA on a Windows computer. Just head over to its official website and follow the straightforward instructions. Once it’s installed, take a few minutes to explore the settings. NVDA lets you adjust things like speed, voice pitch, and how much information it reads out loud. Tweaking these settings can make your screen reader testing smoother and help you catch all the essential details without getting distracted.

Understanding the Basics of NVDA

At first glance, NVDA might seem a bit overwhelming, but don’t worry—once you get the hang of a few essential controls, you’ll be navigating like a pro. The main control is the Insert key, which you use along with other keys to execute commands. For example, pressing Insert + Spacebar toggles between browse and focus modes, showing how users move between different sections and interact with elements on your site.

Key Shortcuts to Know
- Tab: Move through interactive elements like buttons and links.
- Shift + Tab: Go back through items, helping you check the flow of navigation.
- H: Navigate through headings in sequence (Shift + H moves backward), which is crucial for accessibility.
- K for links or G for graphics: Jump to specific content, helping you quickly assess if important items are accessible.
Testing for Accessibility Barriers with NVDA

Once you’re comfortable with NVDA, it’s time to put your website to the test. The goal is to see how easy (or difficult) it is for a screen reader user to find and understand information on your site.

Check Your Navigation Structure

Screen reader users rely heavily on clear navigation. Headings should be marked in a logical order, and the Tab key should move through items sensibly. As you use NVDA, please pay close attention to how it announces headings, links, and interactive elements. For instance, links labeled “Read More” can be confusing, while “Learn More About Our Services” is much more straightforward. Descriptive link text is vital to helping screen reader users navigate confidently.

Confirm Image Descriptions

Proper alt text is a must for images. Use the G key to move through images and listen to the descriptions NVDA reads aloud. The alt text doesn’t need to be lengthy—just informative enough to give users an idea of the image’s purpose.

For additional information about alt text, read our article “Understanding Image Alt Text Descriptions.”

Test Interactive Elements Like Forms

Forms can be tricky for screen reader users if they’re not labeled well. As you move through form fields, listen to the labels NVDA reads. Each field should have a clear label, and error messages should be accessible, too. Testing with NVDA can reveal unlabeled fields or hidden error messages that might make filling out forms difficult.

Common Accessibility Barriers to Watch For

Using NVDA can help you spot common barriers that affect accessibility:
- Keyboard Traps: These occur when users get stuck in one part of the page. Use the Tab and Shift + Tab keys to move around; if you find yourself stuck, it’s likely a keyboard trap.
- Focus Indicators: Screen reader users (and keyboard users in general) need a visible marker to show where they are on the page. Test this by tabbing through your site to see if each interactive element has a clear indicator.
- Content Flow: Listen to your site in linear order, from top to bottom. Does it make sense as you go? Unclear structure or skipped headings can confuse users trying to navigate the content in a meaningful order.
Documenting What You Find

As you test, it’s helpful to document any issues you come across. Be specific: note where each issue happens, what the problem is, and why it’s an accessibility issue. For example, if a button lacks a label, describe which button it is, where it’s located, and how this impacts screen reader users. Including step-by-step details on how you tested (like key sequences or what NVDA readout) can also help your team quickly recreate and fix the issue.

Trying Out Other Screen Readers

While NVDA is a fantastic tool, remember that users rely on different screen readers like JAWS or VoiceOver on Apple devices. Testing with more than one screen reader can uncover accessibility issues that one tool might miss. NVDA is particularly good with dynamic content and ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) attributes. So, if you can, try testing with multiple screen readers to get a fuller picture of your site’s accessibility.

Making Accessibility Part of Your Process

Accessibility testing with NVDA shouldn’t be a one-time thing—it works best when it’s part of your development process from the start. By catching issues early, you’ll avoid significant fixes later and create a better experience for everyone. During design, consider accessibility-friendly patterns like high-contrast colors and adjustable font sizes. During development, use NVDA to test as you go and do a final check once your site is live.

And if possible, getting feedback from users with disabilities can be incredibly valuable. While NVDA can help you simulate a screen reader experience, real users bring real-world insights that can highlight usability issues you might not think of.

Wrapping Up

Using NVDA to test your website’s accessibility is a powerful step toward creating a more inclusive online experience, but there’s so much more to accessibility than just technical adjustments—it’s about making your site welcoming to everyone, including customers who rely on assistive technology.

To help you navigate the broader world of ADA compliance and web accessibility, consider scheduling a briefing with 216digital. Our team can walk you through key accessibility requirements, share insights into your site’s current compliance level, and guide you on building a sustainable, accessible web presence. Let’s work together to make your website an inclusive, welcoming space for all users. Schedule your ADA briefing with 216digital today, and take the next step toward true digital accessibility.
kadmin

November 5, 2024

How-to Guides

Accessibility, Accessibility testing, ADA Compliance, NVDA, web developers, Website Accessibility
Are ADA Lawsuits Truly Addressing Web Accessibility Concerns or Financial Motives?

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was enacted in 1990 to prohibit discrimination and ensure equal opportunities for people with disabilities, promoting accessibility in physical spaces, employment, transportation, and communication. Its core intent was, and still is, to remove barriers, offering individuals with disabilities equitable access to spaces, services, and information. Yet, as technology evolved, so did the legal landscape.

Today, ADA lawsuits increasingly target digital spaces, focusing on web accessibility. However, many argue that many of these cases may be financially motivated rather than genuinely aimed at improving user accessibility.

This article will explore whether ADA lawsuits in the digital realm truly address accessibility concerns or have become vehicles for profit, disproportionately affecting small businesses and often failing to create meaningful accessibility changes.

ADA’s Original Purpose: Accessibility for All

Digital spaces were in their infancy when the ADA was introduced, and web accessibility wasn’t yet a primary focus. Over time, however, the need for digital accessibility became apparent as websites and apps became essential tools for daily life. The ADA’s promise of equal access naturally extended into these new spaces, with courts ruling that websites should be accessible to individuals with disabilities. In principle, these lawsuits aimed to push businesses toward compliance, making the digital world as accessible as the physical one.

However, the sharp increase in web accessibility lawsuits has sparked debates. While some argue that these lawsuits hold businesses accountable, others claim they’ve strayed from the ADA’s purpose and are instead exploited for financial gain.

The Surge in Web Accessibility Lawsuits: Financial Motives or Accessibility Goals?

Data shows a dramatic increase in ADA-related digital accessibility lawsuits. According to a report from UsableNet, over 4,000 digital accessibility lawsuits were filed in 2023 alone, with the majority in industries like retail, food service, and e-commerce. Many of these lawsuits are part of what some legal experts call “drive-by” or “surf-by” suits, where plaintiffs—or law firms—quickly identify accessibility issues, sometimes without ever attempting to use the site.

A well-known case involves Domino’s Pizza, which was sued by a visually impaired man who claimed the company’s website and mobile app were incompatible with his screen reader, making ordering food online impossible. In this instance, the lawsuit gained national attention, ultimately resulting in the Ninth Circuit Court ruling in favor of the plaintiff. While this case had an accessibility-focused outcome, it highlighted the complexities of web accessibility requirements under the ADA. Smaller businesses, however, often lack the resources to navigate lengthy litigation, and settlements can be a quicker option.

High-Profile Examples and “Drive-By” Suits

Certain plaintiffs and legal firms have been linked to hundreds, if not thousands, of ADA lawsuits. These “drive-by” or “surf-by” suits are often filed in large batches across multiple jurisdictions, targeting businesses with minor web accessibility issues. In these cases, it’s common for plaintiffs and attorneys to demand settlements without requiring that accessibility issues be addressed. This approach raises questions about the true intention behind these cases: Are they serving individuals with disabilities or simply a means to extract settlements?

High-profile cases aside, small businesses bear the brunt of such lawsuits. For example, a local bakery or a small online retailer with limited technical knowledge and budget may unknowingly operate a website that needs to be fully ADA-compliant. When targeted by a lawsuit, they often find the cost of defending themselves too high, pushing them toward a settlement which rarely requires accessibility improvements.

The Disproportionate Impact on Small Businesses

Due to limited resources and awareness, small businesses are especially vulnerable to ADA lawsuits. Unlike large corporations, small business owners often lack dedicated legal or compliance departments, making it difficult for them to implement and maintain accessible websites. The financial strain can be significant; they face legal fees, potential settlements, and the cost of redesigning their websites for compliance.

For many small businesses, even the threat of an ADA lawsuit is enough to cause financial stress. Paying legal fees and settlements can exhaust their budgets, sometimes leading to layoffs or even closures. While larger businesses may view these costs as part of risk management, small businesses face disproportionate consequences despite representing a smaller fraction of the digital marketplace.

Are ADA Lawsuits Leading to Real Accessibility Improvements?

With the increase in ADA lawsuits, one might assume that digital accessibility has improved dramatically. However, evidence suggests otherwise. Many cases settle out of court without requiring the business to make its website accessible. In these instances, settlements may address plaintiffs’ demands but leave broader accessibility issues unresolved.

While larger companies might use settlements to improve accessibility, smaller businesses often struggle to implement changes even after legal action. Without clear guidelines from the ADA on web accessibility standards, businesses are left in a legal gray area, leading to inconsistent and often inadequate improvements. For meaningful change, legal actions would need to enforce accessibility upgrades as part of their resolutions. Unfortunately, in many cases, financial gain appears to take precedence over accessibility outcomes.

How to Protect Yourself from Frivolous ADA Lawsuits

Despite the challenges, businesses can proactively mitigate the risk of ADA lawsuits and ensure their websites are accessible. Here are several strategies:

Conduct Regular Accessibility Audits

Regularly assessing your website for accessibility compliance is essential. Automated tools and manual testing can help you catch and fix issues that may otherwise go unnoticed. While automated tools can identify many technical problems, manual testing is often necessary to ensure a website is accessible.

Follow WCAG Guidelines

The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1 are the global standard for web accessibility. While not legally binding under the ADA, adhering to these guidelines demonstrates a commitment to accessibility and can help businesses defend themselves against lawsuits.

Partner with Accessibility Experts

Hiring an external firm with expertise in web accessibility can provide invaluable insights and help you develop a compliance strategy. Accessibility experts like 216digital understand the nuances of ADA and WCAG compliance, making them well-equipped to help businesses avoid common pitfalls.

Stay Informed on Legal Trends

ADA compliance in the digital space is rapidly evolving, and staying informed on relevant lawsuits and rulings can help businesses understand potential risks. Engaging with industry groups or associations that focus on digital accessibility can also provide guidance and resources.

Maintain Documentation and Accessibility Policies

Documenting your efforts to comply with accessibility standards can help demonstrate a proactive approach. Maintaining a web accessibility policy and records of improvements can strengthen your defense if faced with a lawsuit.

Moving Toward Meaningful Change in Web Accessibility

For ADA lawsuits to truly serve their intended purpose, they need to result in real accessibility improvements rather than financial settlements alone. While some cases serve as important reminders for businesses to make their websites accessible, the prevalence of drive-by suits highlights the need for more explicit standards and legal reform. Small businesses, in particular, require more guidance and support to achieve compliance without facing financial ruin.

A Call for a Balanced Approach

In conclusion, ADA lawsuits can be a powerful tool for advancing web accessibility, but only if they prioritize access over profit. For meaningful progress, lawsuits should focus on enforcing change rather than leveraging settlements. By adopting proactive accessibility strategies, businesses can protect themselves from frivolous lawsuits and contribute to a more inclusive digital landscape for all users.

By taking steps to prioritize accessibility, companies can reduce their exposure to ADA lawsuits and ensure that their websites are accessible to all users, fulfilling the original purpose of the ADA. For any organization, compliance is a legal obligation and an opportunity to create an inclusive and user-friendly digital experience.

Ready to get started? Schedule a complimentary ADA strategy briefing with 216digital today. Let’s work together to protect your online business!

Greg McNeil

November 4, 2024

Legal Compliance

Accessibility, ADA Compliance, ADA Website Compliance, Web Accessibility, Website Accessibility
Why 100% ADA Compliance Isn’t Realistic
If you own a website or create online content, it’s crucial to understand what ADA compliance truly entails. In today’s digital landscape, failing to address accessibility isn’t just a missed opportunity—it’s a potential liability. Despite promises from certain agencies claiming they can make your site “100% ADA-compliant,” the reality is more complex. Can any website truly meet full compliance in an ever-evolving digital world? Let’s take a closer look at what this means and why a one-size-fits-all solution may not be enough to protect you from legal risks or to provide a genuinely accessible experience.

What is ADA Compliance?

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was passed in 1990 to ensure that people with disabilities have equal rights and opportunities. While the ADA doesn’t specifically mention websites, it has been interpreted to apply to them, especially under Title II (which covers state and local governments) and Title III (which focuses on public accommodations like businesses).

For websites, ADA compliance often means following the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). These guidelines help make online content more accessible to everyone, including those with visual, auditory, or other disabilities. The WCAG principles can be summed up as follows:
- Perceivable: Information must be presented in a way that users can perceive, like providing text alternatives for images.
- Operable: Users must be able to navigate and interact with the content using various devices and assistive technologies.
- Understandable: Information and user interfaces should be clear and straightforward.
- Robust: Content must be compatible with current and future user agents, including assistive technologies.
Can a Website Be 100% ADA-Compliant?

Now, here’s the tricky part: claiming that a website can be 100% ADA compliant is not only misleading but also unrealistic, and there is no legal definition. Why is that? Because the web is constantly changing. New technologies, design trends, and content updates can all affect how accessible a website is. Lastly, the Department of Justice has never set in stone what it means for a website to be legally compliant.

Accessibility Standards vs. Ongoing Compliance

Understanding the difference between achieving accessibility standards and maintaining compliance is crucial. You might partner with an agency that helps you meet specific accessibility goals today. However, if you don’t continue to monitor and update your website, you could risk falling out of compliance as your site evolves.

For example, if you add new content or change your design, you need to ensure those changes also meet accessibility standards. This ongoing effort is what keeps your website welcoming and usable for all visitors.

False Claims by Agencies

Many agencies will promise they can make your website “fully ADA compliant.” They might use phrases like “one-time fix” or “permanent compliance.” While that sounds appealing, it’s often not realistic. Here’s why:
1. One-Time Solutions: If an agency offers a quick, one-time fix, be cautious. Accessibility isn’t a set-it-and-forget-it situation. Websites need continuous updates and adjustments.
2. Guaranteed Compliance: Some agencies might claim they can guarantee compliance. However, there is no set legal standard for web compliance. You might still face ADA lawsuits even after working with an agency.
3. Frivolous ADA Lawsuits: It’s unfortunate, but there are frivolous ADA lawsuits out there. Some businesses are sued over accessibility issues that seem exaggerated. This highlights the importance of taking genuine steps toward accessibility rather than relying on empty promises.
What to Look For in an Agency

So, how do you find the right agency for web accessibility services? Here are some tips to help you choose wisely:
1. Continuous Support: Look for agencies that offer ongoing support instead of just a one-time fix. This could include regular audits and updates based on user feedback.
2. Transparency: A reputable agency should be clear about what they can and cannot guarantee. They should help you set realistic expectations for what compliance looks like.
3. Education: The best agencies will not only assist you in making your website compliant but will also educate you on how to maintain accessibility in the long run. Knowledge is power!
4. Customized Solutions: Every website is unique. An effective agency should be willing to tailor their approach to meet your specific needs and goals.
Setting Realistic Expectations

As a website owner, setting realistic expectations about what ADA compliance means for your site is crucial. Accessibility is a journey, not a destination. While you can take significant steps to improve your site’s accessibility, it’s essential to recognize that this is an ongoing commitment.

Be wary of agencies that promise a quick fix or complete compliance. Instead, look for partners who understand the evolving nature of web content and can help you adapt over time.

Secure Lasting Accessibility with 216digital

The web is dynamic, and maintaining accessibility requires ongoing effort. Choosing an agency focused on continuous support and education equips you to create an inclusive online space for everyone

At 216digital, we prioritize not only bringing your website into compliance but also educating you on how to maintain and enhance accessibility long after your project is complete. We’re committed to supporting you on this journey every step of the way.

We encourage you to schedule an ADA briefing with us to learn how we can help you navigate the complexities of web accessibility. Together, we can ensure your website remains welcoming and usable for all visitors.

Embrace the journey, and let’s make the web a better place for everyone!
Greg McNeil

November 1, 2024

Legal Compliance

Accessibility, ADA Compliance, ADA Lawsuit, ADA Website Compliance
Is Your Website ADA-Compliant?
Ever wonder if your website is truly welcoming to all visitors? It’s easy to think, “My site looks great. It works smoothly—why worry?” But here’s the catch: a good-looking, functional site isn’t always an accessible one. And if your website isn’t ADA compliant, you could be unintentionally shutting the door on a massive group of potential visitors and customers—people with disabilities.

Let’s put it this way: imagine if a brick-and-mortar store had narrow, cluttered aisles or no ramps. Customers with mobility challenges would struggle to get in or move around. Now, think of your website as that store. If it isn’t built with accessibility in mind, visitors with disabilities may find it impossible to navigate, use, or even understand what you’re offering.

So, is your website ADA-compliant? If you’re not sure or have never checked, this guide is for you. We’ll break down what ADA compliance means, why it matters, the standards to follow, and how you can ensure your site is welcoming to all. Ready to see if your online space meets the mark? Let’s dive in.

Why ADA Compliance Matters

Making sure your website is ADA-compliant isn’t just a box to check off—it’s a vital part of running a business that’s inclusive and future-proof. An accessible website means everyone, regardless of ability, can navigate, engage with, and enjoy your content. This approach not only helps build trust and loyalty but can also increase your audience and improve user satisfaction. And let’s not forget, it comes with important legal and business benefits.

Legal Implications

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires that businesses—including their websites—be accessible to everyone. If your site isn’t ADA-compliant, you could be in for a rough ride. The number of ADA-related lawsuits has been rising fast. In 2023, for instance, over 4,500 web accessibility lawsuits were filed in the U.S., which was a 15% increase from the year before, according to UsableNet.

Courts have been clear that digital spaces are covered by the ADA, even though it was created before the internet as we know it existed. And it’s not just big businesses being targeted—small and medium-sized businesses have also found themselves in legal hot water over inaccessible sites. Legal fees, settlements, and potential damage to your reputation can add up quickly, costing far more than making your website compliant in the first place. By focusing on accessibility, you’re not just protecting your business; you’re showing that inclusivity is a priority.

Expanding Your Audience

Making your site ADA-compliant isn’t just about sidestepping legal issues—it’s also about reaching more people. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that over 1 billion people globally live with some form of disability. In the U.S., the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says that 26% of adults have some kind of disability. This includes a wide range of challenges, from visual and hearing impairments to mobility and cognitive issues.

Think about it: if your website is easier to use for people with disabilities, you’re opening your doors to a vast number of potential customers who might have otherwise struggled with your site. In fact, a study in the U.K. found that 71% of users with disabilities will leave a site that’s hard to use, and 82% of them are willing to spend more on a site that’s accessible. That’s a lot of potential revenue and customer loyalty that can be yours just by making your site more inclusive.

Understanding Web Accessibility Standards

To create an accessible website, it’s essential to understand key standards, particularly the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). These guidelines, developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), provide a roadmap for making web content more accessible to people with disabilities.

Key Principles of WCAG

The WCAG outlines four fundamental principles, often remembered by the acronym POUR:
1. Perceivable: Information must be presented in ways that users can perceive. This means providing text alternatives for images, using captions for videos, and ensuring sufficient contrast between text and background colors.
2. Operable: Users should be able to navigate the site using various methods. This includes keyboard navigation and the ability to pause or stop animations.
3. Understandable: Content and navigation must be easy to understand. This includes using clear language, consistent navigation, and proper labeling of forms.
4. Robust: Content should be compatible with various technologies, including assistive technologies like screen readers. This means writing clean, semantic HTML.
By adhering to these principles, you’ll be well on your way to creating a more accessible website.

Common Barriers to Web Accessibility

Even with the best intentions, many websites still have barriers that prevent people with disabilities from accessing their content. Here are a few common issues:

Images Without Alt Text

Images can be a significant barrier if they don’t have descriptive alt text. Alt text is essential for users who rely on screen readers, as it provides context about the image.

Poor Color Contrast

If the contrast between your text and background is too low, it can be challenging for individuals with visual impairments to read your content. Aim for a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 for normal text.

Inaccessible Forms

Forms are often problematic. If they lack labels or instructions, users with disabilities may find it challenging to fill them out. Always ensure that forms are correctly labeled and provide clear instructions.

Lack of Keyboard Navigation

Many users with disabilities rely on keyboard navigation rather than a mouse. If your website doesn’t support this, it can create significant barriers.

Testing Your Website for Accessibility

Now that you understand the importance of ADA compliance and common barriers, how do you ensure your website is accessible? Here are some methods for testing your site:

Manual Checks

Begin with manual checks of your website. Go through your site using only the keyboard. Can you navigate easily? Test your forms to see if they’re usable without a mouse. This basic level of testing can reveal a lot about your site’s accessibility.

Automated Tools

Automated accessibility testing tools can help identify many common issues quickly. Here are a few popular options:
- WAVE: This browser extension evaluates accessibility and highlights issues on your page.
- Lighthouse: Built into Chrome’s developer tools, Lighthouse provides audits of various web aspects, including accessibility.
While these tools are helpful, they don’t catch everything. They should be used in conjunction with manual checks to ensure a truly ADA-compliant website.

User Testing with Assistive Technologies

The best way to understand how ADA-compliant your site truly is is to test it with real users who have disabilities.
- Screen Readers: Ask users to navigate your site using popular screen readers like JAWS or NVDA.
- Keyboard Navigation: Observe how users interact with your site using only a keyboard.
Getting feedback from users with disabilities will give you insights that automated tools might miss.

Practical Steps to Improve Accessibility

Once you’ve identified accessibility issues on your site, what should you do next? Here are some practical steps you can take:
- Start with an Accessibility Audit: Before making any changes, conduct a comprehensive audit of your website. Use both automated tools and manual checks to identify barriers.
- Prioritize Quick Wins: Addressing some accessibility issues can take time, but there are many “quick wins” you can tackle right away.
- Implement Staff Training and Awareness: Accessibility is not just a one-person job. Ensure your content creators, developers, and designers are trained on best practices for maintaining and improving web accessibility.
- Monitor Accessibility Consistently: Regular audits are essential, but ongoing monitoring ensures that new updates don’t introduce issues. Services like 216digital’s a11y.Radar can help by continuously checking for compliance and alerting you to new challenges.
Conclusion

Making sure your website is ADA-compliant is more than just checking a legal box—it’s about creating a space where everyone feels welcome. Prioritizing accessibility can open your business to a wider audience, boost user satisfaction, and even shield you from potential legal issues. But let’s be honest: navigating the ins and outs of accessibility can feel overwhelming.

That’s where we come in. At 216digital, we’re here to make it simple. Schedule an ADA briefing with us to find out if your website is at risk and how we can help make it more inclusive. Don’t wait until there’s a problem; get ahead of it and show your commitment to accessibility today. Your future customers (and your peace of mind) will thank you!
Greg McNeil

October 30, 2024

Legal Compliance

Accessibility testing, ADA Compliance, ADA Lawsuit, WCAG, Web Accessibility
The Importance of Keyboard Accessibility & Why ARIA Widgets Don’t Work
Keyboard accessibility is a fundamental part of creating an accessible web experience. For many people, including those with motor impairments, the ability to navigate a website using only a keyboard is essential. Unfortunately, not all website interactive elements are designed with keyboard users in mind. This is where ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) widgets often come into play—intended to improve accessibility but frequently falling short when misused.

Understanding the principles of keyboard accessibility and the limitations of ARIA widgets can help website owners, developers, and content creators deliver a more inclusive user experience. Let’s explore the most common keyboard accessibility issues, why ARIA widgets often miss the mark, and how you can design your website to meet Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) standards.

Why Keyboard Accessibility Matters

Keyboard accessibility ensures that all interactive elements on a website—like buttons, forms, links, and menus—are reachable and usable without needing a mouse. Many users, such as those with motor disabilities or vision impairments, rely on keyboards, screen readers, or other assistive devices to navigate web content.

Without keyboard accessibility, people using assistive technology can encounter significant barriers, preventing them from completing tasks or navigating the site. For instance, a checkout form that only allows interaction through mouse clicks will stop a keyboard user in their tracks, impacting their ability to purchase a product or service.

Common Barriers to Keyboard Accessibility

Some of the most common obstacles that keyboard users face on websites include:

Lack of Focus Indicators
- Problem: Without visible focus indicators, keyboard users may not know where they are on the page. This becomes particularly frustrating when navigating forms or interactive menus.
- Solution: Use CSS to style focus indicators and make them highly visible, such as by changing the border color, background, or outline. Here’s an example:
```
button:focus, a:focus {
	outline: 3px solid #005fcc;
	background-color: #f0f8ff;
}
```
Improper Tab Order
- Problem: Elements on a page need to logically match the visual layout. Without a logical tab order, users may be taken through an erratic sequence, which can lead to confusion and missed information.
- Solution: Arrange your elements in HTML to follow the intended visual order and limit use of the tabindex attribute. By default, elements will follow the document’s source order, so it’s best to organize your code this way.
Focus Traps
- Problem: Focus traps occur when users can’t tab away from a particular element, like a popup or modal. Once they’re stuck, the rest of the page becomes inaccessible until they can close the focus-trapped section.
- Solution: Ensure focus returns to the main content once the user dismisses the popup or modal, using JavaScript if necessary:
```
// Example of returning focus after modal close
document.getElementById("closeModalButton").addEventListener("click", function() {
  document.getElementById("mainContent").focus();
});
```
ARIA Widgets and Their Challenges

ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) is a set of attributes that help improve the accessibility of web applications, particularly for screen readers. However, ARIA widgets—such as dropdowns, sliders, and modals—often don’t work as expected for keyboard users if not implemented carefully. ARIA can enhance accessibility, but it can’t “fix” poor coding practices or make non-native elements fully functional on its own.

Why ARIA Widgets Often Fail

ARIA widgets can be highly effective but only if they’re properly coded, tested, and consistently used with accessibility in mind. Here are some common pitfalls:

Reliance on ARIA Without Semantic HTML

ARIA is not a replacement for HTML5 elements; it’s meant to enhance them. Using ARIA on elements that don’t support native keyboard interactions (like <div> for a button) means the widget might lack inherent keyboard functionality.

For example, instead of creating a clickable div with ARIA, use a <button> tag. Buttons come with native keyboard functionality and don’t require extra scripting or attributes to work as expected.

Overuse of role and tabindex Attributes

Misusing role attributes can disrupt how screen readers interact with elements. For instance, assigning a role= "button" to a div won’t make it work the same way as a real button.

Similarly, improper use of tabindex can cause elements to jump around in an illogical order. Stick to the natural flow of the DOM, using tabindex= "0" only when absolutely necessary to keep the order in sync.

JavaScript-Dependent Behavior

ARIA widgets often rely on JavaScript to replicate native interactions, but these scripts must be meticulously coded and tested. A JavaScript error could render an entire widget inaccessible.

Testing your scripts thoroughly with keyboard-only navigation is essential, especially for ARIA widgets. Missing key events like “Enter” or “Escape” can trap users in a widget or make it difficult to interact with.

Best Practices for Creating Keyboard-Accessible Interactive Elements

To avoid these pitfalls and ensure that your site is truly keyboard accessible, follow these best practices:

Prioritize Native HTML Elements

Whenever possible, use native HTML elements for interactivity (like <button>, <a>, <input>, and <select>). They come with built-in accessibility and keyboard support, reducing the need for complex ARIA attributes or custom JavaScript.

Use ARIA Judiciously

Use ARIA only when there’s no HTML equivalent, like custom dropdowns or sliders. And if you do need ARIA attributes, implement them carefully with an understanding of their purpose. For example, use aria-expanded to indicate the open or closed state of a dropdown menu:
```
<button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu">Menu</button>
<ul id= "menu" hidden>
  <li><a href="#home">Home</a></li>
  <li><a href="#about">About</a></li>
</ul>
```
Enable Logical Focus Management

Ensure that interactive elements maintain a logical and intuitive focus order. When creating modals or popups, use JavaScript to trap focus within the modal until it’s closed and then return focus to the last element interacted with:
```
const modal = document.getElementById("modal");
const lastFocus = document.activeElement;
// Trap focus within modal
modal.addEventListener("keydown", (e) => {
  if (e.key === "Tab") {
    // Logic to keep focus within modal
  }
});
// Restore focus after modal close
modal.addEventListener("close", () => {
  lastFocus.focus();
});
```
Include Skip Links

Skip links are simple yet effective. They allow keyboard users to jump directly to the main content, bypassing repetitive navigation menus. Add a skip link that appears when focused, like this:
```
<a href="#mainContent" class="skip-link">Skip to main content</a>
<main id="mainContent">
  
</main>
```
The Importance of Testing for Keyboard Accessibility

Testing is critical to achieving real keyboard accessibility. Use keyboard-only navigation to interact with your site, ensuring that each element responds to the Tab, Enter, and Escape keys appropriately. Here are a few tips for testing:
1. Turn Off Your Mouse: Try navigating your site using only the keyboard. See if you can reach every interactive element and complete all tasks.
2. Use Assistive Technology Simulators: There are free screen readers (such as NVDA or VoiceOver) that let you experience your website as a keyboard-only user would.
3. Run Accessibility Audits: Automated tools like Google Lighthouse or WAVE can catch many keyboard accessibility issues, but a manual review is still necessary.
Conclusion

Keyboard accessibility is a must for ensuring inclusivity on your website. By avoiding ARIA misuse and sticking to native HTML elements where possible, you’ll reduce barriers for keyboard users and create a smoother experience. Remember, ARIA attributes can enhance interactivity, but they aren’t a substitute for accessible design principles.

Testing with keyboard-only navigation will confirm that your site meets WCAG standards and shows your commitment to creating a web experience that everyone can enjoy—just in time for all your visitors to get the most out of your content and promotions. Reach out to 216digital using the contact form below if you’re unsure if your website is keyboard navigable.
Bobby

October 29, 2024

How-to Guides

ARIA, How-to, keyboard accessibility, web developers, web development
A Case for Starting Accessibility Early in Development
When you’re kicking off a new web project, it’s easy to focus on exciting features and visual design. But here’s something that often gets pushed aside until it’s almost too late: accessibility. The truth? Accessibility isn’t just a box to check off at the end of development; it’s a fundamental part of creating an inclusive, user-friendly experience from day one. To truly succeed, you need to start accessibility early.

Think about it: no one wants to realize their new website or app needs major tweaks just to be usable for everyone. Starting accessibility early not only benefits people with disabilities but boosts usability for all your users, saves you money, and keeps you in line with standards like Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). And who doesn’t want to avoid headaches later on?

Let’s break down why embedding accessibility into your project from the very beginning is worth every bit of effort—and how to make it happen smoothly.

Why Start Accessibility Planning from the Beginning?

Making accessibility a priority from day one can feel like a big commitment, but here’s what you gain by choosing to start accessibility early:

Avoid Costly Retrofits

Fixing accessibility issues at the end of a project can mean reworking significant parts of your site—an expensive and time-consuming ordeal. Imagine designing your site, launching it, and then realizing it doesn’t meet accessibility standards. Adding features like keyboard navigation or fixing color contrast at that point can mean redoing large chunks of your design. Planning for these details early on keeps everything smoother (and kinder on your budget).

Enhance User Experience for All

When you start accessibility early, you set the stage for a user experience that is friendly and inclusive for everyone. Accessibility isn’t just for those with disabilities—it’s for everyone. Features like clear navigation, easy-to-read text, and well-labeled elements make browsing better for all users. Designing with accessibility in mind from the start ensures these benefits are baked in, rather than added later.

Stay Compliant and Avoid Legal Issues

Starting with WCAG standards and other accessibility guidelines from the get-go helps you avoid legal hiccups. These guidelines form the backbone of inclusive web design and ensure you’re in line with regulations like the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Following these rules early on makes compliance one less thing to worry about.

How to Integrate Accessibility into Each Stage of Development

Accessibility can be woven into every phase of your project with just a bit of planning. Here are some actionable steps for developers and designers:

Design with Accessibility in Mind

From the beginning, designers play a critical role in accessibility by setting the structure and visual flow of a project. Here are a few accessibility best practices to incorporate during the design phase:

Color Contrast and Readability

Make sure your text is easy to read against its background. According to WCAG guidelines, regular text should have at least a 4.5:1 contrast ratio, while larger text should have a 3:1 contrast ratio. Testing tools like WebAIM’s Color Contrast Checker make this quick and easy to verify.

Intuitive Layout and Navigation

A clear, intuitive layout ensures all users can navigate your site. Place navigation elements consistently, keep forms simple, and use ample white space to make content easier to digest. These are just a few examples of how to start accessibility early in your design strategy.

Descriptive Text for Buttons and Links

Buttons and links should have descriptive text that tells the user exactly what will happen when they click. Instead of a vague “click here,” label it with “Learn More About Accessibility,” for example. Clear labels improve navigation for users and assistive technologies alike.

Use the Right HTML Tags

Developers can make a huge impact when they start accessibility early by using semantic HTML. Semantic HTML tags—like <header>, <main>, <nav>, and <footer>—convey the structure of your webpage to screen readers and other assistive devices, helping users navigate more effectively.

Proper HTML Markup

Use headings (<h1>, <h2>, etc.) in a logical order, and never skip heading levels. This creates a clear hierarchy for users relying on screen readers and assists everyone in navigating your content.

Descriptive Alt Text for Images

Screen readers rely on alternative text (alt text) to describe images to visually impaired users. Ensure every image with meaningful content has a description that conveys what’s in the image or its purpose. If the image is purely decorative, use an empty alt attribute (e.g., alt=" ") to signal to screen readers that it can be ignored.

ARIA Attributes

Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA) roles and attributes provide additional context where HTML alone may fall short. For example, you can use aria-label to describe the function of a button or aria-live to notify screen readers of real-time changes, like alerts.

Test for Accessibility as You Go

Testing for accessibility throughout development lets you catch issues early before they become a headache to fix. Here’s how to implement regular accessibility checks:

Automated Accessibility Tools

Automated testing tools like Lighthouse and WAVE can detect many common accessibility issues, such as missing alt text or incorrect heading levels. However, keep in mind that while these tools are valuable, they’re not a complete solution.

Manual Testing and Keyboard Navigation

Not all accessibility features can be evaluated by automated tools, so manual testing is essential. Many users with disabilities rely on keyboards instead of a mouse, so test your site using keyboard navigation alone. Make sure users can access all interactive elements (like links, forms, and buttons) and follow a logical tab order.

Screen Reader Testing

Use screen readers like NVDA (for Windows) or VoiceOver (for Mac) to simulate how users with visual impairments experience your site. This will help you catch any missing descriptions, confusing elements, or awkward navigation.

Get Feedback from Users with Disabilities

Involving people with disabilities in testing phases offers invaluable insights. Real users bring unique perspectives that automated tools or simulated testing just can’t replicate.

Plan for Inclusive Testing

Recruit a diverse group of testers who use different assistive technologies, including screen readers, magnification software, and voice control. Their feedback can reveal practical challenges and usability issues you might not anticipate.

Iterate Based on Feedback

Make adjustments based on real-world experience and retest if needed. Accessibility is an ongoing process, and user feedback will help you understand where improvements are necessary.

Regularly Check Your Site

Keeping your site accessible isn’t a one-and-done task—it’s an ongoing process. Regular audits help ensure that your site or app stays up to date with accessibility standards as you make changes or add new features. These check-ups can catch any issues that might have been overlooked during development, or that pop up over time. But audits alone don’t cover everything; that’s where regular monitoring comes in.

Services like a11y.Radar makes a big difference by providing continuous monitoring to help keep your website accessible. With automated checks and detailed reports, a11y.Radar alerts you to potential issues early on so you can fix them before they turn into bigger problems. Plus, it helps you stay aligned with current WCAG guidelines, which are always evolving.

Combining regular audits with a monitoring service like a11y.Radar keeps your site running smoothly and ensures a user-friendly experience for everyone.

Building a Culture of Accessibility

Making accessibility a foundational part of your development culture is key to sustaining these practices long term. Here are some ideas to foster an accessibility-first mindset in your team:

Educate and Train Your Team

Provide training on accessibility guidelines and tools for all team members, from designers and developers to project managers and content creators. Workshops, webinars, and resources on WCAG standards and inclusive design can help create a shared understanding of accessibility’s importance.

Keep Accessibility Resources Available

Ensure your team has access to accessibility checklists, WCAG guidelines, and tool recommendations. Having these resources easily accessible means team members can refer to them at any stage of development.

Regularly Review and Share Accessibility Wins

Celebrate small successes, such as completing accessibility testing on a new feature or receiving positive feedback from an accessibility audit. Recognizing and sharing progress reinforces the importance of this work and motivates your team to continue prioritizing accessibility.

Helpful Tools for Accessibility

There are a variety of helpful tools for accessibility checks and improvements. Here are a few top options:
- WebAIM’s Color Contrast Checker: Verifies that contrast meets WCAG standards for readability.
- Lighthouse and WAVE: An open-source accessibility tool that runs quick checks on your web pages for WCAG compliance.
- Screen Readers: Test with NVDA (Windows), VoiceOver (Mac), and TalkBack (Android) to experience your site from the perspective of visually impaired users.
- ARIA Authoring Practices Guide: This guide provides information on implementing ARIA roles and attributes to enhance assistive technology compatibility.
Ready to Make Accessibility Part of Your Game Plan?

So, there you have it—starting accessibility early isn’t just a nice-to-have; it’s a win-win for everyone involved. By weaving accessibility into your project from day one, you’re not only sidestepping costly revisions but also crafting a better experience for all your users. Plus, you’re keeping things legally sound, which is always a good move.

But we get it—navigating the world of WCAG guidelines and accessibility best practices can feel a bit like decoding a secret language. If you’re ready to start accessibility early in your web development process without complicating your project, let’s talk. Schedule an ADA briefing with us at 216digital, and we’ll guide you through your journey in plain English (no tech jargon). Let’s work together to make the digital world a more inclusive place—one accessible website at a time.
Greg McNeil

October 28, 2024

Legal Compliance, The Benefits of Web Accessibility

Accessibility, Accessibility testing, ADA Compliance, UX, web development
Digital Accessibility Should Be of Every eCommerces’ Christmas List
‘Tis the season for eCommerce businesses to sleigh with their hottest sales of the year. Shoppers everywhere are searching for that perfect gift, making it one of the most lucrative times of the year for online retailers. But there’s a crucial part of the market that many are overlooking—digital accessibility. Ignoring this can mean missing out on a significant number of shoppers and facing potential legal issues. In 2021, businesses lost over $828 million due to websites that weren’t accessible, excluding valuable customers and risking their brand’s reputation.

Meeting digital accessibility standards isn’t just a nice-to-have; it’s a must, especially this year when the stakes are even higher. With inflation rising and economic uncertainty looming, shoppers are expected to be pickier about where they spend their money online. ISo, is your business ready to meet this challenge and unwrap its full potential?

Competitive Advantage: Stand Out in a Crowded Market

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, online sales have soared. In 2020 and 2021 alone, retailers made an extra $219 billion because more people shopped online. With so many online stores competing for shoppers’ attention during the holidays, you need to find ways to make your brand stand out. A 2022 report from WebAIM found that about 98% of top websites don’t meet basic accessibility standards. This leaves a lot of business up for grabs, giving you a huge chance to get ahead.

According to the CDC, one in four adults in the United States has a disability. During the holiday season, making your website accessible isn’t just something nice to do—it’s a way to reach millions of potential customers who might have trouble shopping online otherwise. By investing in digital accessibility, you turn your site into a welcoming, easy-to-use place that encourages more shoppers to stay, look around, and make purchases.

Reach a Larger Customer Base That’s Ready to Shop

Many people assume that digital accessibility only helps a small group, but this couldn’t be further from the truth. People with disabilities and older adults are often powerful consumers, especially during the holidays when everyone is buying gifts. If you ignore the huge spending power of the disability community, you miss out on a massive potential customer base. Making your website accessible ensures that people with disabilities can navigate and shop on your site, expanding your customer base and showing inclusivity.

Consider how many sales you could lose if your website isn’t accessible to everyone. Research shows that difficulties with web accessibility could cost your business $8 billion in holiday revenue. The good news is that you can avoid this loss by making your site inclusive and accessible.

Digital Accessibility for People with Disabilities

Over 1 billion people around the world live with some form of disability. In the U.S. alone, about 26% of adults have a disability—that’s one in four adults, according to the CDC. These consumers have more than $175 billion in spending money. By prioritizing digital accessibility, you’re opening your online store to millions of potential customers who might be unable to use your site otherwise.

These customers are eager to join in holiday shopping, and by making your site accessible, you’re welcoming them in. Research from the American Institutes for Research shows that people with disabilities have about $490 billion in disposable income. Including older adults, who also benefit from accessibility improvements, makes this potential customer base even bigger.

Older Buyers are Big Spenders

Many older shoppers, who might have vision challenges or limited mobility, look for websites that are easy to read and use. Simple changes like adjustable text sizes, high-contrast display options, and easy navigation make a big difference for this group. According to AARP, adults over 50 contribute over $7.6 trillion to the economy annually, making up 41% of all online shopping. By making your website more accessible, you can attract their holiday spending and build lasting customer loyalty.

The Digital Accessibility That Makes a Difference

What turns a brief visit into a sale? The experience.

Today’s shoppers are more selective than ever. They expect high-quality products and seamless online shopping. A 2022 report from IBM notes: “Shopping must be fast and efficient some of the time, rich and experiential other times, and always easy and intuitive. What’s more, consumers expect companies to cater to their needs and live up to their social and environmental responsibility claims.”

The Challenges Shoppers with Disabilities Face

How easy your website is to use depends on its accessibility. So, what problems might prevent gift buyers with disabilities from becoming your customers?
- 20% had issues creating an account or logging in to the website.
- 39% couldn’t find the information they needed about a product or service.
- 38% had problems with online purchasing and couldn’t contact customer service for help.
- 28% couldn’t interact with the website to select the items they wanted.
- 25% had issues with checking out and completing the payment process.
The truth is that an accessible website isn’t just for people with disabilities; it benefits everyone. Features like intuitive navigation, readable text, keyboard navigation, and easily clickable buttons improve the user experience for all. For example, video captions not only help those with hearing impairments but also benefit users in a noisy environment or who prefer to read along. When your website is easy to use, you can expect higher conversion rates, which can make a big difference during holiday shopping.

Creating a Positive Brand Image

Your brand reputation is about the relationship you have with your customers and the promises you make every day. People want to shop at brands that share their values. They want to spend money with companies that are doing good in the world and taking a stand—whether it’s in sustainability, climate change, or digital accessibility.

According to a 2022 report from Google Cloud, shared values are more important to consumers than ever before. A striking 82% of shoppers prefer brands that align with their personal values. Even more telling, three out of four buyers said they’ve stopped supporting brands when their values didn’t match. Clearly, meeting these expectations is vital for building and maintaining customer loyalty.

Your website is a crucial part of your brand. It shows where you choose to invest your budget and whether you care about diversity and inclusion. It paints a clear picture of whether you care about creating an easy and accessible shopping experience. Are you creating a welcoming experience? Or are you causing frustration and losing out on a large, powerful customer base?

Higher Conversion Rates

Accessibility features can directly influence your sales. A well-designed site makes shopping easy, which reduces cart abandonment and increases completed purchases. In fact, a Forrester study found that accessible websites can increase online sales by up to 15%.

Features like intuitive navigation, alternative text for images, and clear call-to-action buttons attract more users and guide them through to purchase. The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) notes that accessible websites can reach up to 10% more customers and improve SEO.

Digital Accessibility is a Must-Have

Digital accessibility isn’t just about doing what’s right or keeping customers happy—it’s also a legal necessity. E-commerce websites face growing scrutiny, with web accessibility lawsuits on the rise. In 2023 alone, 4,605 web accessibility lawsuits were filed in both Federal and State Courts. The retail sector was hit the hardest, making up nearly 82% of all ADA-related web accessibility cases.

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires businesses to provide equal access to their goods and services, extending beyond physical stores to include online spaces. Not meeting these standards can lead to expensive legal issues, harm your reputation, and weaken consumer trust. As you prepare your website for the holiday season, neglecting digital accessibility could expose your business to significant risks.

Prepare Your Website for the Holidays with 216digital

Preparing your e-commerce site for the holiday season means more than just stocking up on inventory and marketing deals. It’s about making sure your site is accessible to everyone. At 216digital, we specialize in helping e-commerce websites meet digital accessibility standards. From thorough audits to ongoing support and monitoring, we’re here to help you create an inclusive, user-friendly site.

Don’t wait until it’s too late to make your website accessible, or yule be sorry. The holiday rush is the perfect time to ensure your site welcomes all customers. With digital accessibility, you’re not only complying with the law—you’re setting your business up for success.
Greg McNeil

October 25, 2024

The Benefits of Web Accessibility

digital accessibility, ecommerce website, holiday promotions, Retail
Accessibility Tips for Post-Remediation Success
Hey, content creators! Now that you’ve made great strides in remediating your website for accessibility, it’s time to consider how to keep that momentum going. Creating accessible content isn’t just a one-time effort—it’s an ongoing process. Let’s dive into some best practices that will help your team consistently produce accessible content and ensure your website is welcoming to everyone.

Why Accessibility Matters

Let’s take a moment to understand why digital accessibility is so important. Accessibility means making your content usable for people with disabilities. This can include those who are blind, deaf, or have mobility challenges. When you prioritize accessibility, you’re not just meeting legal requirements but also reaching a wider audience and showing that you care about all your users. This can lead to increased engagement, better SEO, and a positive brand image.

Training Your Team

The first step in creating accessible content is training your team. Everyone involved in content creation needs to understand the basics of accessibility. Consider hosting regular workshops or training sessions to cover key topics. Here are some essential areas to focus on:

Writing Alternative Text

Alternative text, or alt text, is a crucial part of accessibility. It describes images for people who can’t see them. When creating content, ensure your team knows how to write compelling alt text. Here are some tips:
- Be Descriptive: Alt text should describe the image accurately. Instead of saying, “A dog,” say, “A golden retriever is playing fetch in the park.”
- Keep It Concise: Aim for around 125 characters. Be descriptive, but don’t overwhelm the reader.
- Skip Decorative Images: If an image is purely decorative and doesn’t add value to the content, it’s best to leave the alt text blank.
Ensuring Proper Heading Structures

Proper heading structures not only help with readability but are also vital for screen readers. When creating web content, remind your team to use headings hierarchically. Here’s how:
- Use H1 for Titles: The main title of your page should always be an H1 tag.
- H2 for Subheadings: Use H2 tags for major sections and H3 tags for subsections. This creates a clear outline for users and helps them navigate your content.
- Avoid Skipping Headings: Don’t jump from H1 to H4 without using H2 and H3. This can confuse users and screen readers.
Creating Accessible Documents

When creating downloadable content like PDFs or Word documents, keep accessibility in mind as well. Here are some tips:
- Use Headings and Styles: Just like web content, use headings in documents to help structure the information.
- Add Descriptive Links: Ensure that links are descriptive. Instead of saying “click here,” use phrases like “read our accessibility guide.”
- Check Reading Order: In PDFs, the reading order matters. Use accessibility features in your document software to ensure the content reads logically.
Ongoing Review and Feedback

Creating accessible content doesn’t stop once you’ve trained your team. It’s essential to implement an ongoing review process. Here’s how to keep improving:
- Peer Reviews
  - Encourage team members to review each other’s content for accessibility. A fresh set of eyes can catch mistakes that might have been missed. Create a checklist for peer reviews that includes items like alt text, heading structure, and color contrast.
- Feedback from Users
  - If possible, seek feedback from users with disabilities. Their insights can help you identify areas for improvement that you might have yet to consider.
- Stay Updated
  - Digital accessibility guidelines can evolve, so it’s essential to stay informed about best practices. Consider subscribing to accessibility blogs or joining professional organizations that focus on digital accessibility.
Wrapping Up

Accessibility isn’t a one-and-done task—it’s an ongoing commitment that helps you maintain a more inclusive and user-friendly website for everyone. Keeping your content accessible means continually refining your approach, training your team, and staying proactive with the latest best practices. But don’t worry, you don’t have to do it alone! Tools like a11y.Radar make it easier to stay on top of accessibility long after your initial remediation. With real-time monitoring, you can catch issues as they arise, ensuring your website remains compliant and welcoming to all users. So, keep the momentum going and know that you’re building not just a compliant site, but a better experience for every visitor.
Greg McNeil

October 24, 2024

How-to Guides, Web Accessibility Monitoring

a11y.Radar, Accessibility, Accessibility monitoring, Accessibility Remediation, Web Accessibility Remediation
ADA Compliance: What You Can and Can’t Control

Let’s be honest—navigating ADA compliance can feel like a lot, especially when you’re managing a busy website. But the good news? There are plenty of things you can control that will make your site more accessible to everyone. By taking a few simple steps, you’ll create a better experience for users, expand your audience, and avoid potential legal issues.

In this guide, we’ll break down what ADA compliance is, explore some actionable steps you can take, and cover ways to handle the parts that might be out of your control. So, let’s roll up our sleeves and dive in!

What is ADA Compliance?

ADA compliance refers to following the guidelines set by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which was established to protect the rights of individuals with disabilities. While the ADA initially focused on physical spaces, it now extends to digital spaces like websites.

In simple terms, ADA compliance ensures that your website is usable for everyone—including people with visual, auditory, physical, or cognitive disabilities. The ADA works hand-in-hand with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), which outline best practices for creating accessible digital content. Meeting these guidelines is not just about following the law; it’s about making your website open and welcoming to all users.

Website Design and Development

Making your website accessible starts with thoughtful design and smart development choices. Here’s how you can set the stage:

Use Semantic HTML

Think of HTML as your website’s blueprint. When it’s organized logically, it makes it easier for assistive technologies (like screen readers) to guide users through your site. Use clear headings, lists, and tags like <h1> for main headings and <h2> for subheadings. This way, your content isn’t just well-organized—it’s also easy for everyone to navigate.

Enable Keyboard Navigation

Not everyone uses a mouse to get around online, so make sure users can tab through your site smoothly. All interactive elements—buttons, forms, menus—should be accessible via keyboard alone. To test this, try navigating your site using only your keyboard. If you hit a dead end, that’s a sign something needs fixing.

Ensure Sufficient Color Contrast

Nobody wants to squint to read your content, especially users with visual impairments. Use strong color contrast between text and background, so everything is easy to read. The minimum recommended contrast ratio is 4.5:1 for regular text and 3:1 for larger text. Not sure if your colors are cutting it? Tools like WebAIM’s Contrast Checker can help you out.

Provide Descriptive Alt Text for Images

Images are great for grabbing attention, but if they’re not described properly, they can be a barrier for screen reader users. Make sure every image has alt text that explains what’s in the picture and why it’s there. Be descriptive—something like “Red winter coat with a 30% off discount tag” tells a much more straightforward story than just a “sale image.”

Ongoing Monitoring and Testing

Getting your website accessible isn’t a “set it and forget it” deal. It’s more of an ongoing process that keeps your site up to standard:

Conduct Regular Accessibility Audits

Use tools like WAVE or Lighthouse to scan your site regularly for potential accessibility issues. These tools are like your website’s personal trainers—they’ll point out areas that need improvement, like missing alt text or insufficient color contrast.

Engage in User Testing

Automated tools are great, but there’s no substitute for feedback from real users—especially those with disabilities. Invite them to test your site and pay close attention to what they say. Their insights can reveal accessibility gaps that you might not have noticed.

Content Management and Regular Updates

Content is a big part of ADA compliance. Here’s how to keep it accessible and user-friendly:

Provide Content in Accessible Formats

PDFs and Word files are common on websites, but they’re not always easy for assistive technologies to read. Try converting documents to HTML or using accessible PDF tools to ensure everyone can engage with your content.

Keep Content Updated

Just like fashion, accessibility standards change over time. Make a habit of revisiting older content—blog posts, documents, even videos—to ensure they still meet current accessibility standards.

Avoiding Overlays

It can be tempting to install a quick-fix accessibility overlay, especially if you’re short on time. But here’s the thing: overlays often don’t solve the real issues. In fact, they can create more problems for users who rely on assistive technology. The better approach? Make direct changes to your website’s code, design, and structure for more meaningful accessibility improvements.

What You Can’t Control: Third-Party Content and Vendors

Even if you make your website as accessible as possible, certain elements are out of your direct control. But don’t worry—there are still ways to manage these challenges:

Third-Party Plugins and Widgets

Plugins and widgets can boost your site’s functionality, but they can also introduce accessibility barriers. Before installing any third-party tools, check their accessibility features and look for compliance documentation.

Content Management Systems (CMS)

Depending on the CMS you’re using—like WordPress, Shopify, or Squarespace—you might run into accessibility limitations. Whenever possible, choose accessible themes and templates, and use plugins that enhance rather than hinder site accessibility.

Outsourced Web Development and Content Creation

If you hire developers or content creators, make sure ADA compliance is part of your project requirements. Set clear expectations and conduct follow-up audits to ensure everything meets accessibility standards.

User-Generated Content

Comments, reviews, and user-generated content are valuable for your site but can pose accessibility challenges. Moderate content when possible and encourage users to follow basic accessibility guidelines, like adding alt text to images they post.

Strategies for Managing What You Can’t Control

While some aspects are beyond your control, there are ways to work around them:

Vetting and Selecting Accessible Vendors

When choosing third-party vendors or services, go with those that have a reputation for accessibility. Look for vendors that provide compliance documentation and are willing to help with accessibility support.

Adding Disclaimers and Providing Alternatives

If you have third-party content that might not be fully accessible, consider adding a disclaimer to inform users. Offer alternatives, like accessible document formats or a contact method for users who need assistance.

Foster Communication and Collaboration

ADA compliance works best when everyone’s on the same page. Encourage open dialogue about accessibility with your team, developers, and third-party partners. When everyone understands its importance, it’s easier to make your site truly inclusive.

Conclusion

Making your website accessible doesn’t have to be intimidating. By focusing on what you can control and actively managing third-party elements, you can create a site that’s welcoming to everyone. Plus, it’s not just about avoiding legal risks—it’s about building a better experience for all your users.

So, take it one step at a time. As you make improvements, you’ll reach a wider audience and create a more inclusive online space. And if you’re unsure about where your site stands, don’t hesitate to reach out to experts like 216digital for a free accessibility review. You’ve got this!

Greg McNeil

October 23, 2024

How-to Guides, Testing & Remediation

Accessibility, ADA Compliance, ADA Website Compliance, Website Accessibility
ADA Lawsuits: How They’re Shaping the Internet
The Internet is an essential part of daily life. We shop, work, learn, and even socialize online. But for millions of people with disabilities, the digital world can feel like a locked door. That’s where the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) steps in. Originally designed to ensure access to physical spaces, the ADA is now playing a significant role in making sure the digital world is accessible to everyone.

Let’s dive into how ADA lawsuits are shaping the future of the Internet and why this movement towards web accessibility matters for all of us.

Why Web Accessibility Matters

Imagine trying to buy groceries online, book a doctor’s appointment, or read the news—but being unable to do so because the website isn’t accessible. This is the reality for many people with disabilities. Web accessibility aims to remove these barriers, making sure websites are usable by all, whether someone is blind, deaf, has limited mobility, or faces cognitive challenges.

It’s not just about compliance; it’s about creating a better experience for everyone. When websites are more accessible, they’re also more user-friendly. For example, features like closed captions help users with hearing impairments, but they’re also useful for anyone in a noisy environment.

How the ADA Applies to the Digital World

The ADA, passed in 1990, is a law meant to prevent discrimination against people with disabilities. While it initially focused on physical locations, it’s evolved to include digital spaces like websites, mobile apps, and online services.

Title III of the ADA requires “places of public accommodation” to be accessible. While that originally meant places like stores and restaurants, the DOJ published guidance in 2022 confirming its position that the ADA does apply to websites, stating:

“…the Department has consistently taken the position that the ADA’s requirements apply to all the goods, services, privileges, or activities offered by public accommodations, including those offered on the web.”

– U.S. Department of Justice | Guidance on Web Accessibility and the ADA (2022)

This shift is significant because it brings the same standards of accessibility that apply to physical spaces into the digital realm. If a website isn’t accessible, it could violate the ADA—leading to legal action.

Key Lawsuits Driving Change

Several high-profile lawsuits have set important legal precedents for web accessibility, encouraging businesses to prioritize digital inclusivity. Here are some of the most significant cases that have reshaped the digital landscape:

Robles v. Domino’s Pizza (2019)

In 2016, Guillermo Robles, a blind man, sued Domino’s Pizza because he couldn’t use their website or mobile app to order food. Robles relied on screen-reading software, but Domino’s website and app were not compatible with it, making the services inaccessible.

The case went through multiple courts, with Domino’s arguing that the ADA did not clearly apply to websites. However, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals disagreed, stating that the ADA does cover websites and apps if they are closely tied to a physical location that serves the public. The U.S.

Supreme Court declined to review the case, effectively affirming the lower court’s ruling. This landmark case established a strong precedent that digital services must be accessible, especially if they’re an extension of a physical business.

Winn-Dixie Stores Inc. v. Gil (2017)

In 2016, Juan Carlos Gil, a blind man who uses screen-reading software, attempted to access the website of the grocery chain Winn-Dixie but found it was incompatible with his software. Unlike Robles v. Domino’s, Winn-Dixie had no functional website components for users to complete transactions online; however, the website did allow users to refill prescriptions, access coupons, and find store locations—services that were considered extensions of its physical stores.

The federal court sided with Gil, ruling that the website’s connection to the physical stores meant it had to comply with ADA requirements. Although the Eleventh Circuit later reversed this decision, arguing that websites themselves are not necessarily “places of public accommodation,” this case still sparked important conversations about digital accessibility. It highlighted that when a website is integral to a business’s services, it must meet accessibility standards.

Bashin v. ReserveCalifornia.com (2023)

Bryan Bashin, a blind user, filed a lawsuit against ReserveCalifornia.com, a state-run site responsible for booking campsites in California’s state parks. Bashin faced numerous challenges while using the website, including unlabelled buttons and forms that his screen reader couldn’t interpret. What made this case unique was that Bashin targeted not just the website itself, but also the state contractor responsible for the website’s development and maintenance.

This lawsuit emphasized the importance of holding government contractors accountable for digital accessibility, setting a new precedent. The court ruled in favor of Bashin, making it clear that not only are government-run websites subject to ADA compliance, but so are third-party developers who manage public websites. This ruling added new pressure on contractors and developers to implement accessibility features from the start, ensuring that websites are built with inclusivity in mind.

Evolving Legal Requirements for Web Accessibility

As the number of ADA lawsuits grows, so do the legal requirements for web accessibility. While there’s no one-size-fits-all standard, the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) have become the go-to benchmark. These guidelines are designed to make websites more usable for people with disabilities and cover areas like:
- Text Alternatives: Providing descriptive text for images, videos, and other non-text content.
- Keyboard Accessibility: Ensuring users can navigate sites using only a keyboard.
- Readable Fonts and Color Contrast: Make sure fonts are easy to read, and colors are distinguishable for people with vision impairments.
- Video Captions and Transcripts: Offering captions for videos and transcripts for audio content.
By aligning your website with these guidelines, you reduce the risk of legal challenges and create a better user experience for everyone.

How Businesses Are Adapting

As the legal landscape shifts, many businesses are taking proactive steps to ensure their websites comply with accessibility standards. Here are a few strategies they are employing:

Investing in Training and Resources

Many companies are now training their web development teams on accessibility standards. By understanding the principles of web accessibility, teams can create more inclusive websites from the ground up.

Conducting Accessibility Audits

Regular audits of websites can identify areas needing improvement. Companies are increasingly employing tools and experts to evaluate their sites against WCAG standards. This helps pinpoint issues like missing alt text or improper heading structures.

Integrating Accessibility Features from the Start

More businesses are making accessibility a priority during the design phase. This includes adding features such as keyboard navigation and ensuring that content is structured in an accessible way. By embedding these practices from the beginning, companies can avoid costly retrofits down the line.

Engaging with the Community

Some businesses are partnering with organizations that advocate for individuals with disabilities. By seeking feedback from actual users, they can better understand accessibility challenges and improve their websites accordingly. This not only leads to a better product but also fosters goodwill and loyalty among customers.

Long-Term Implications for the Future of the Internet

The growing emphasis on web accessibility has several long-term implications for the future of the Internet:

Increased Awareness of Inclusivity

As more companies recognize the importance of web accessibility, we will likely see a cultural shift in how businesses approach design and user experience. Prioritizing inclusivity can attract a broader audience and create loyal customers.

Legal Precedents Will Shape Standards

As more ADA lawsuits are filed, legal precedents will increasingly dictate what is considered acceptable in terms of web accessibility. Businesses will need to stay informed about these developments to avoid potential legal pitfalls.

Technological Advancements

The demand for accessible web design will likely spur innovation in technology and tools. We can expect new solutions that simplify the process of making websites accessible, from AI-driven accessibility checkers to improved assistive technologies.

A Culture of Accessibility

As web accessibility becomes a norm, future designers and developers will likely prioritize inclusivity from the outset. This could lead to a more inclusive internet overall, where all users can engage equally.

Conclusion

Web accessibility is reshaping the digital landscape, and it’s clear that the ADA’s influence is paving the way for a more inclusive internet. While compliance with these evolving standards may seem daunting, it’s ultimately about creating a digital environment where everyone can navigate and engage with ease. By enhancing accessibility, you’re not just adhering to legal requirements—you’re fostering a more user-friendly experience for all.

Instead of seeing accessibility as a burden, consider it an opportunity to make your website more welcoming and effective. It’s a chance to lead by example and demonstrate your commitment to inclusivity. If you’re curious about where your website stands, scheduling an ADA briefing with 216digital can be a great first step. Let’s shift the focus from obligation to opportunity, one accessible website at a time.
Greg McNeil

October 22, 2024

Legal Compliance, The Benefits of Web Accessibility

ADA, ADA Compliance, ADA Lawsuit, Web Accessibility

Why Testing with a Screen Reader Matters

Common Accessibility Barriers

Getting Started with NVDA

Understanding the Basics of NVDA

Key Shortcuts to Know

Testing for Accessibility Barriers with NVDA

Check Your Navigation Structure

Confirm Image Descriptions

Test Interactive Elements Like Forms

Common Accessibility Barriers to Watch For

Documenting What You Find

Trying Out Other Screen Readers

Making Accessibility Part of Your Process

Wrapping Up

ADA’s Original Purpose: Accessibility for All

The Surge in Web Accessibility Lawsuits: Financial Motives or Accessibility Goals?

High-Profile Examples and “Drive-By” Suits

The Disproportionate Impact on Small Businesses

Are ADA Lawsuits Leading to Real Accessibility Improvements?

How to Protect Yourself from Frivolous ADA Lawsuits

Conduct Regular Accessibility Audits

Follow WCAG Guidelines

Partner with Accessibility Experts

Stay Informed on Legal Trends

Maintain Documentation and Accessibility Policies

Moving Toward Meaningful Change in Web Accessibility

A Call for a Balanced Approach

What is ADA Compliance?

Can a Website Be 100% ADA-Compliant?

Accessibility Standards vs. Ongoing Compliance

False Claims by Agencies

What to Look For in an Agency

Setting Realistic Expectations

Secure Lasting Accessibility with 216digital

Why ADA Compliance Matters

Legal Implications

Expanding Your Audience

Understanding Web Accessibility Standards

Key Principles of WCAG

Common Barriers to Web Accessibility

Images Without Alt Text

Poor Color Contrast

Inaccessible Forms

Lack of Keyboard Navigation

Testing Your Website for Accessibility

Manual Checks

Automated Tools

User Testing with Assistive Technologies

Practical Steps to Improve Accessibility

Conclusion

Why Keyboard Accessibility Matters

Common Barriers to Keyboard Accessibility

Lack of Focus Indicators

Improper Tab Order

Focus Traps

ARIA Widgets and Their Challenges

Why ARIA Widgets Often Fail

Reliance on ARIA Without Semantic HTML

Overuse of role and tabindex Attributes

JavaScript-Dependent Behavior

Best Practices for Creating Keyboard-Accessible Interactive Elements

Prioritize Native HTML Elements

Use ARIA Judiciously

Enable Logical Focus Management

Include Skip Links

The Importance of Testing for Keyboard Accessibility

Conclusion

Why Start Accessibility Planning from the Beginning?

Avoid Costly Retrofits

Enhance User Experience for All

Stay Compliant and Avoid Legal Issues

How to Integrate Accessibility into Each Stage of Development

Design with Accessibility in Mind

Color Contrast and Readability

Intuitive Layout and Navigation

Descriptive Text for Buttons and Links

Use the Right HTML Tags

Proper HTML Markup

Descriptive Alt Text for Images

ARIA Attributes