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  • Email Accessibility Tips for Better Newsletters

    Email Accessibility Tips for Better Newsletters

    Newsletters are still one of the most personal ways to reach people online. They share updates, spark interest, and keep relationships going—all right there in your reader’s inbox. Once the design looks polished and the list is ready, it’s easy to feel like the work is done.

    But even the best-looking email can fall short for someone using a screen reader. A missing heading tag, a jumbled reading order, or an unlabeled image can make a message that feels seamless to one person confusing to another.

    Email accessibility often gets left behind—not because people don’t care, but because it’s easy to think of it as something separate from web accessibility. In truth, it’s all connected. The same principles that make your website inclusive—clear structure, descriptive alt text, and meaningful markup—apply just as much to your emails.

    An accessible email isn’t a bonus feature. It’s a sign of good communication: thoughtful, professional, and built for everyone.

    The steps below show how to bring accessibility into your process naturally, without slowing your team down or changing the way you already design and send.

    Start with a Strong Foundation

    Every accessible email starts with clean, well-structured HTML. A simple one- or two-column layout works best. Multi-column or grid-heavy designs may look great on desktop but can become confusing when read aloud or viewed on mobile.

    Keep your code organized so it flows naturally from top to bottom, left to right. When your layout collapses for smaller screens, content should still read in a logical order.

    Use semantic markup to structure content:

    • <h1>, <h2>, and <h3> tags for headings
    • <p> tags for paragraphs
    • Avoid using styled <div> elements to imitate headings or sections

    If you rely on tables for layout, apply role="presentation" so assistive technologies don’t interpret them as data tables. And try to keep navigation minimal—five or six identical header links can feel repetitive for someone navigating by keyboard or screen reader.

    Finally, test your message with images turned off. Many email clients block images by default, so make sure your message still makes sense when visuals are missing.

    Make Links and Buttons Clear and Consistent

    Screen reader users often jump between links to navigate quickly. That’s why each link should make sense on its own.

    Instead of vague prompts like “Click here” or “Learn more,” use language that describes the action:

    • “Download our June 2025 Report”
    • “View featured products”
    • “Register for our next webinar”

    For buttons, stick to properly coded <a> tags styled with CSS. If you’re using nonstandard elements, include role="button" and test keyboard functionality. Avoid relying on image-based buttons without text alternatives or ARIA labels.

    A few more details to keep in mind:

    • When a link opens a page, make sure focus lands in a logical place—at the top or at a key heading, not mid-page.
    • Treat unsubscribe and preference links as essential navigation elements. They should be easy to find, clearly labeled, and fully accessible.

    Communicate Without Relying on Vision

    Images, icons, and videos make emails engaging, but they shouldn’t be the only way you communicate.

    • Add descriptive alt text to every meaningful image.
      • Example: <img src="banner.jpg" alt="50% off sale ends July 31">
    • For decorative visuals, use empty alt text (alt="") so screen readers skip them.
    • Never put important text—like “Register Now” or event details—inside an image unless that information also appears as live text.

    If your email includes video or audio, make sure there are captions, transcripts, and accessible controls. Avoid autoplaying media; it can disrupt assistive technology users.

    And once again—preview your message with images blocked. It’s one of the simplest ways to catch email accessibility issues before you hit send.

    Keep Tables Simple and Purposeful

    Tables are sometimes necessary, but they can quickly complicate email accessibility if used carelessly. Before adding one, ask: Could this be a list instead?

    If you truly need a data table:

    • Use <th> tags for headers
    • Identify rows and columns properly
    • Avoid merged or nested cells, which confuse screen readers

    When a table is only for layout, mark it with role="presentation". In most cases, modern spacing and stacking techniques can replace layout tables without losing visual balance.

    Prioritize Readability in Typography and Contrast

    Readable text helps everyone—not just users with disabilities.

    • Choose simple, widely supported fonts like Arial, Helvetica, or Calibri.
    • Set body text at 14–16 pixels with line spacing around 1.4–1.5 for comfort.
    • Left-align paragraphs rather than centering or justifying them.
    • Maintain color contrast ratios of at least 4.5:1 for body text.

    Avoid using color alone to convey meaning. Pair color cues with icons, labels, or underlines. Use emoji and symbols sparingly—they can sound awkward when read aloud by screen readers.

    Leave breathing room between sections, and test your email in dark mode to confirm text and background colors remain readable. These small checks can make a big difference in overall legibility.

    Reduce Friction with URLs and Attachments

    Accessibility isn’t just about visuals—it’s about ease of use.

    • Replace long, exposed URLs with descriptive links.
    • If you must include a raw link, place it on its own line for clarity.
    • Ensure attachments like PDFs are tagged and labeled 
    • Summarize key information within the email body when possible, so users don’t need to download a separate file.

    Always include a plain-text version of your email for users relying on text-only clients or low-bandwidth connections.

    Even your subject line and preview text play a role in accessibility. These are the first things a screen reader announces, so be specific:

    Instead of “July Newsletter,” try “July Updates: Accessibility Toolkit and Webinar Dates.”

    Test as a Natural Part of Your Process

    Testing shouldn’t feel like a separate task—it should be part of your regular workflow for email accessibility.

    Before sending, confirm that:

    • Headings follow a logical hierarchy
    • All images include alt text
    • Links are descriptive
    • Contrast meets WCAG standards
    • The message reads naturally with images turned off

    Check how your email performs in multiple clients—Outlook, Gmail, Apple Mail—and on different devices. Then, try it with a screen reader like NVDA, JAWS, or VoiceOver. Notice whether headings make sense, focus moves predictably, and buttons behave correctly.

    Other valuable tests:

    • Navigate using only your keyboard
    • Zoom in to 200% and ensure the layout still holds together
    • Ask teammates or testers who use assistive tech for feedback

    Automated tools can flag issues like missing alt text or low contrast, but human review ensures quality. Once testing becomes routine, email accessibility starts to feel natural—not like an extra step, but part of how you craft great communication.

    Email Accessibility: The Message Everyone Can Read

    Accessibility works best when it’s built in, not added at the last step. When your structure is clear, headings are properly marked, alt text is descriptive, and links communicate purpose, your message feels effortless—no matter how someone reads it.

    That’s what email accessibility really delivers: communication that’s consistent, inclusive, and easy for everyone to engage with. It’s not extra work; it’s smarter work that helps your team create better results with less rework and greater reach.

    If you’re ready to strengthen that process, 216digital can help. Schedule an ADA briefing, and we’ll walk through your templates, review your workflow, and show you how to make email accessibility a seamless part of every campaign you send.

    Greg McNeil

    November 12, 2025
    How-to Guides
    Accessibility, email accessibility, How-to, Web Accessibility, Website Accessibility
  • Is ChatGPT a Substitute for Web Accessibility Remediation?

    Is ChatGPT a Substitute for Web Accessibility Remediation?

    If you’ve worked in digital long enough, you’ve probably heard it: “Couldn’t we just use ChatGPT to fix the accessibility stuff?”

    It’s an honest question. The tools are impressive. AI can summarize dense docs, spit out code snippets, even draft copy that sounds decent. When you’re staring at a backlog with limited budget, “free and fast” feels like a gift.

    Here’s the truth: speed without understanding rarely saves time. ChatGPT is great at producing. What it isn’t great at is deciding. And web accessibility—the real kind, not just error cleanup—is full of decisions.

    So, while it can support web accessibility remediation, it can’t replace it. Because remediation isn’t just about fixing what’s broken; it’s about understanding why it broke and what the right fix means in the context of your design, your users, and your codebase.

    What Remediation Really Looks Like

    Real remediation is closer to detective work than to one-off development. You trace how a problem shows up in the interface, how it travels through templates, and why it keeps coming back.

    It starts with discovery—learning how the site is put together and where risky flows live, like checkout or account pages. Then comes testing, both automated and human, to catch what scanners miss: poor focus order, ambiguous instructions, unlabeled controls, shaky widget behavior.

    From there, you triage and translate findings into work your team can actually ship. You plan fixes, weigh impact and effort, and roll changes through your stack. Finally, you validate with real assistive tech—keyboard, screen readers, voice control—to confirm the fix is a fix for real people.

    AI can sit beside you for parts of that journey. It can help reason through code or rephrase unclear labels. But it can’t feel when something “technically passes” yet still fails a user. That kind of judgment is learned, not generated—and it’s why web accessibility remediation stays a human-led process.

    Where ChatGPT Earns Its Keep

    Used by someone who understands accessibility, ChatGPT is genuinely helpful. It’s fast at rewriting small markup patterns. It can unpack a WCAG success criterion in plain language. It can draft alt text you’ll refine, or outline starter docs a team will own.

    It’s also great for teaching moments: when a new dev asks, “Why ARIA here?” AI can frame the idea before a specialist steps in with specifics.

    Think of it as an eager junior colleague—useful, quick, and worth having in the room. Just don’t hand it the keys.

    The Problem of “No Opinion”

    Here’s where AI hits the wall: it has no sense of context and no opinion of its own.

    Accessibility isn’t a math problem. Two developers can solve the same issue differently—both valid on paper, one far more usable in practice. That judgment call is the job.

    Because ChatGPT predicts what looks right, it can sound confident and still be wrong: adding a <label> but leaving a placeholder that confuses screen readers; copying a title into alt and causing duplicate announcements; “fixing” contrast by nudging color values without checking the full component state.

    Some barriers simply require a human to decide. Take alt text, for example: ChatGPT can’t actually see what an image is, how it’s being used, or what role it plays in the design. It doesn’t understand whether that image conveys meaning or is purely decorative—and that context determines whether alt text is needed at all. Without that judgment, even the best AI guess risks being wrong for the user.

    When you’re fixing accessibility, “almost right” is often still wrong. And when someone asks you to show due diligence, “we asked a chatbot” isn’t a defensible audit trail for web accessibility remediation.

    The Hidden Cost of “Free”

    Teams that lean too hard on AI learn fast that “free” isn’t free.

    You spend hours double-checking output, rewriting prompts, and chasing new issues that didn’t exist before. Sometimes you even end up debugging phantom problems the model invented.

    Meanwhile, the real barriers remain. Automated tools and AI together tend to catch only a slice of what actually affects users; the messy, contextual stuff slips through.

    So the report looks cleaner, the error count drops, and real people still struggle. That’s not progress. That’s paperwork dressed up as progress—and it leaves risk on the table, which is the opposite of web accessibility remediation.

    Even if AI manages to correct every automated scan error, it won’t protect you from real exposure. We’re now seeing a clear shift in ADA litigation: most new lawsuits aren’t built on automated findings anymore. They’re targeting manual issues—things uncovered by human testing and user experience barriers—because that’s where easy wins live for plaintiff firms. So even if AI covers one base, it leaves another wide open—and that’s the one most likely to cost you.

    Why Human-Led Web Accessibility Remediation Still Matters

    When you bring in a team that lives this work, you’re getting far more than bug fixes—you’re gaining traction. Instead of chasing one-off errors, you start to see the larger patterns behind what keeps breaking and why.

    A strong remediation partner brings clarity to your roadmap by tying priorities to real user impact and legal risk. Their fixes hold up through redesigns because they focus on underlying causes rather than surface-level symptoms.

    There’s also the advantage of human validation—review that’s defensible, thoughtful, and grounded in actual user experience. With the right process, accessibility becomes part of everyday development instead of something bolted on at the end.

    That’s the real promise of web accessibility remediation: not perfection, but predictability you can trust as your site evolves.

    How to Use AI the Right Way (With Guardrails)

    AI belongs in the workflow. It just doesn’t belong in charge.

    Use ChatGPT to speed up work you already understand, not to make calls you can’t verify. Let it draft checklists, summarize long audit exports, or propose markup for a pattern you’ve already chosen.

    Then layer on what AI can’t do: manual testing, AT validation, and the human decision-making that turns “technically correct” into “genuinely usable.”

    With that guardrail, AI becomes an accelerator for web accessibility remediation, not a shortcut that creates rework.

    What You Actually Get from Professional Remediation

    When you bring in a team that lives this work, you’re getting far more than bug fixes—you’re gaining traction. Instead of chasing one-off errors, you start to see the larger patterns behind what keeps breaking and why.

    A good remediation partner helps you understand where to focus first by tying priorities to real user impact and legal risk. They deliver fixes that continue to hold up through redesigns because the underlying causes—not just the surface-level symptoms—are addressed.

    You also gain something automated tools can’t offer: human validation that stands up to scrutiny. And with the right team, accessibility becomes part of how your site operates going forward, rather than something added after the fact.

    That’s the real value of web accessibility remediation. It’s not about perfection—it’s about creating a level of predictability you can trust as your site evolves.

    AI Doesn’t Make Judgment Calls—People Do

    ChatGPT is a powerful tool. It can teach, inspire, and save time—but it can’t care. Accessibility is about care: for users, for quality, for inclusion.

    AI can suggest the “how.” People understand the “why.” And perhaps most importantly, AI can’t shield you from the kinds of lawsuits that automation no longer catches.

    If your team is experimenting with AI and you want to make sure it helps instead of hurts, start with a conversation. Schedule an ADA briefing with 216digital. We’ll show where AI fits safely, where human oversight is non-negotiable, and how to build a plan that keeps your site open to everyone.

    That’s web accessibility remediation done right—fast where it can be, thoughtful where it must be.

    Greg McNeil

    November 10, 2025
    Testing & Remediation
    Accessibility Remediation, Accessibility testing, AI-driven accessibility, automated testing, Web Accessibility Remediation
  • Thinking About WCAG 3.0? Not So Fast

    Thinking About WCAG 3.0? Not So Fast

    If you’ve been near a development or compliance conversation lately, you’ve probably heard rumblings about WCAG 3.0. Teams are curious. Vendors are hinting. Leadership wants to know if the roadmap should shift. The September 2025 Working Draft added to that momentum, especially with talk about modern UX considerations, cognitive accessibility, and even early ideas around AI.

    It’s encouraging to see this evolution. Still, the best move right now is a steady one: keep an eye on WCAG 3.0, but continue building around WCAG 2.2.

    WCAG 3.0 offers potential, but it’s still taking shape. WCAG 2.2 is what organizations can confidently rely on today—from both a practical and legal standpoint.

    This overview explains why 3.0 remains a work in progress, why 2.2 is still the right foundation, and how you can stay prepared for the future without redirecting your entire strategy.

    WCAG 3.0: Still a Moving Target

    At this stage, WCAG 3.0 is a Working Draft, not a finalized rule set. The W3C has been clear that significant pieces will continue to evolve, and some will change before anything approaches a stable release.

    Several foundational areas still have unanswered questions:

    • Conformance: The draft explores a scoring-based approach and new ways of rating outcomes. It’s an interesting direction, but not locked in.
    • Testing and sampling: The methods outlined today are early concepts. They aren’t yet clear enough to support reliable testing requirements or contract language.
    • Emerging concepts: Topics like cognitive support, dark patterns, and AI bias are under discussion—not defined in a way that would hold up in a policy meeting or contract review.

    There’s real value in following the work and experimenting where it makes sense. It just isn’t mature enough to serve as the basis for compliance decisions. Think of WCAG 3.0 as research and early modeling—not something to build KPIs or procurement language around.

    What’s Enforceable Right Now

    Most legal and procurement frameworks are still tied to the WCAG 2.x family. WCAG 3.0 isn’t written into laws, vendor requirements, or enforcement mechanisms.

    A quick look at the landscape:

    • United States – Section 508: The governing rule incorporates WCAG 2.0 Level AA by reference. That’s the enforceable baseline across federal agencies and their acquisitions.
    • United States – ADA Title II (state & local): The Department of Justice’s 2024 final rule points to WCAG 2.1 AA for covered web content and mobile apps—again, not WCAG 3.0.
    • European Union: The European Accessibility Act relies on EN 301 549, which maps to WCAG 2.1 (with some additions). That’s the practical reference across the EU—especially for procurement.
    • Canada: Federal guidance is increasingly steering organizations toward EN 301 549 and WCAG 2.1 AA as standards are being updated.
    • Australia: Government guidance and many public bodies state WCAG 2.1 AA as the target. The DDA is the legal backdrop, but day-to-day expectations align with 2.x.

    Across these regions, WCAG 2.x remains the documented, enforceable reference. WCAG 3.0 is still too early to factor into risk conversations around litigation, enforcement, or compliance audits.

    Separately, the W3C published WCAG 2.2 as a Recommendation in October 2023 and updated it in December 2024. Because policy updates lag behind standards, 2.2 is the most future-friendly version to align with—even if your existing contracts reference 2.0 or 2.1.

    In other words: If you’re working toward 2.2, you’re exactly where you should be.

    Why WCAG 2.2 Still Deserves Your Focus

    WCAG 2.2 is a practical, incremental extension of the 2.x model that many teams already use. It gives organizations meaningful improvements without requiring a re-education effort from scratch.

    Some highlights:

    • It’s backward-compatible. If you meet WCAG 2.2, you also meet 2.1 and 2.0 (with one exception: 4.1.1 Parsing was retired). This protects existing work and simplifies updates.
    • It introduces nine new success criteria targeted at gaps seen in real-world usage:
      • 2.4.11 / 2.4.12 Focus Not Obscured and 2.4.13 Focus Appearance support keyboard users more reliably.
      • 2.5.7 Dragging Movements gives users alternatives when drag-and-drop actions are difficult.
      • 2.5.8 Target Size (Minimum) helps reduce touch-target issues on mobile.
      • 3.2.6 Consistent Help, 3.3.7 Redundant Entry, and 3.3.8 / 3.3.9 Accessible Authentication reduce cognitive friction—especially in forms and multi-step processes.

    These updates reflect how people actually use websites today: mobile navigation, mixed input methods, and form-heavy tasks. They also map directly to common user pain points—and, often, legal risk.

    If you’re looking for a clear place to invest in accessibility that benefits real users and keeps you aligned with modern expectations, WCAG 2.2 is a safe and productive choice.

    Practical Steps for Teams

    If you want to make steady progress without guessing what WCAG 3.0 will look like, here are actions that fit well into the next one or two quarters.

    1. Audit & Align to WCAG 2.2 AA

    Update policy docs, design systems, acceptance criteria, and procurement language to 2.2 AA. Treat it as the organization’s default reference.

    2. Test with both automation and humans

    Use automated checks to catch the easy wins, then verify with manual reviews and assistive technologies (such as screen readers, keyboard-only access, and voice). That’s how you catch the issues 2.2 emphasizes (focus visibility, target size, redundant entry).

    3. Prioritize High-impact Criteria

    • Validate keyboard flow and focus visibility
    • Confirm headings and ARIA landmarks
    • Check that touch targets meet minimum sizes
    • Provide alternatives to drag interactions

    These are high-impact changes with direct user benefit.

    4. Tighten Your Procurement Expectations

    • Request VPATs/ACRs that reflect WCAG 2.2 AA
    • Add language that requires delivery—not just promises—to help ensure fixes are part of the scope

    U.S. federal purchasing still references earlier versions, but using 2.2 now helps you stay ahead.

    5. Manage accessibility the same way you manage risk

    • Track issues alongside privacy and security
    • Prioritize by impact on real tasks (checkout, account creation, navigation paths)

    This shifts your focus from theoretical compliance to meaningful outcomes.

    6. Close the loop with users

    • Invite people with disabilities into testing
    • Conduct moderated sessions
    • Keep an open channel for feedback

    Tools can’t surface everything—lived experience often reveals what automated scans miss.

    Keep an Eye on WCAG 3.0 — Without Rebuilding for It

    Staying observant doesn’t mean rethinking your roadmap. As you explore new features—especially those involving AI, personalization, or experimental interactions—keep WCAG 3.0 in your periphery.

    A balanced approach might include:

    • Monitoring W3C updates and Working Draft notes
    • Running small internal pilots to explore emerging topics like cognitive support, dark-pattern detection, or algorithmic fairness
    • Keeping WCAG 3.0 exploration clearly distinct from compliance or contractual expectations

    Think of it as learning ahead—not rebuilding ahead.

    Clearing Up a Few Common Misunderstandings

    As conversations circulate, a few assumptions come up again and again. It helps to address them directly:

    “WCAG 3 will replace WCAG 2 next year”

    Draft to adoption takes years. Regulations must be updated before anything becomes enforceable.

    “If we wait, we’ll skip extra work”

    Delays just increase accessibility debt. Fixing issues under 2.2 now removes work you’d otherwise carry forward.

    “WCAG 3 will make compliance easier”

    It may someday. Right now, the model is still forming and is more complex than the current structure.

    “Once WCAG 3 is out, we can stop paying attention to 2.x”

    WCAG 2.x will remain in place for some time. Policies and procurement don’t shift overnight.

    “Focusing on 2.2 means we’re falling behind”

    The W3C recommends using 2.2 to future-proof your efforts. It’s a forward-looking choice.

    Build Habits That Will Carry Forward

    The teams that succeed under WCAG 3.0 will already be practicing steady, continuous accessibility—not chasing a checklist of criteria.

    Some ways to make that part of your culture:

    • Integrate automated checks into your CI/CD workflow
    • Gate merges on high-severity issues
    • Keep an internal accessibility playbook within your design system
    • Run periodic accessibility retrospectives
    • Recognize incremental improvements—visible focus, reduced cognitive load, fewer drag-only interactions

    Small improvements build momentum and help teams avoid the last-minute scramble when standards evolve.

    Prepared for Tomorrow, Grounded in Today

    WCAG 3.0 is an exciting step forward, but it’s still evolving. For now, the most reliable and enforceable standards remain WCAG 2.x, with WCAG 2.2 offering the clearest path to stay aligned with both current expectations and future direction.

    Focus on the work that helps users today. Continue to test, iterate, and build accessibility into your everyday delivery. You’ll be well-positioned for whatever comes next—without unnecessary disruption.

    If you’d like clarity on where your organization stands or where to invest next, our team at 216digital offers personalized ADA briefings and roadmaps rooted in WCAG 2.2, with an eye toward WCAG 3.0 as it matures. We’re here to help you stay confident, compliant, and ready for what’s ahead.

    Greg McNeil

    October 31, 2025
    WCAG Compliance
    Accessibility, WCAG, WCAG 2.2, WCAG 3.0, WCAG Compliance, WCAG conformance, Web Accessibility, Website Accessibility
  • How Good Is Your Accordion Accessibility, Really?

    How Good Is Your Accordion Accessibility, Really?

    You’ve seen it before — those long, scroll-heavy pages packed with information. Even with great content, the layout can feel like a wall of text. It’s easy to lose your place. Harder still to stay focused.

    That’s why accordions became so popular. They let you tuck sections away, helping people find what matters without forcing them to wade through everything else. They keep things clean, organized, and easier to digest.

    But here’s the trade-off: an accordion that isn’t coded for accessibility can lock people out instead of inviting them in. Keyboard users can get stuck. Screen readers might skip entire sections or misreport whether content is open or closed. What looks tidy on the surface can be chaotic behind the scenes.

    In this article, we’ll walk through how to build an accordion that’s not just functional but genuinely inclusive. By the end, you’ll understand what good accordion accessibility looks like — and how small development choices make a big difference for real users.

    The Anatomy of an Accordion

    At its core, an accordion is simple:

    • A header or button people click or focus on.
    • A content panel that expands or collapses to show details.

    These pairs usually live inside a wrapper — maybe a <div> or a <ul> if you want to give screen readers a count of how many sections there are. Adding an aria-label to that wrapper can help clarify that this group of buttons belongs together.

    Here’s a basic structure:

    <ul aria-label="Accordion Control Group">
      <li>
        <button aria-controls="panel1" aria-expanded="false" id="accordion1">Section One</button>
        <div id="panel1" hidden>
          <p>Content for this section.</p>
        </div>
      </li>
    </ul>

    Think of this as the skeleton. Once you have a clear hierarchy, you can start layering in keyboard behavior and ARIA states. Structure isn’t decoration — it’s how assistive technologies understand your layout and read it back to users. That’s the foundation of solid accordion accessibility.

    Keyboard Navigation: Where Real Accessibility Begins

    The keyboard test is where most accordions fall apart. If you can’t open, close, and move through the component using only a keyboard, something’s missing.

    A few simple rules make all the difference:

    • Enter or Space should open and close sections.
    • Tab should move forward through headings and visible content.
    • Shift + Tab should move backward through that same flow.

    When a section collapses, focus should jump back to the button that opened it — not vanish into the page. And every focusable element needs a visible indicator, whether that’s an outline or a subtle highlight.

    For longer accordions, a “Skip accordion” link above the section is a small courtesy that goes a long way. It lets keyboard users move past the entire block when they don’t need it.

    A good gut check? Set your mouse aside. If you can comfortably navigate the entire component using only your keyboard, your accordion accessibility is already miles ahead.

    Semantic HTML: Let Meaning Do the Heavy Lifting

    A lot of accessibility work is about using the right tools from the start. Semantic HTML gives browsers and assistive tech the information they need without extra code.

    Here’s one solid pattern:

    <h3>
      <button
        type="button"
        aria-expanded="false"
        aria-controls="panel1"
        id="accordion1-button">
        Billing Details
      </button>
    </h3>
    <div id="panel1" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion1-button" hidden>
      <p>Your billing information goes here.</p>
    </div>

    This approach works because:

    • <button> is already accessible and keyboard-friendly.
    • aria-controls connects the button to its panel.
    • role="region" helps screen readers describe the area once it’s expanded.

    If you add icons or arrows, hide them from screen readers with aria-hidden="true". They’re visual cues, not meaningful content.

    When your markup already carries meaning, ARIA becomes a way to enhance — not patch — your accordion accessibility.

    Getting ARIA Right

    ARIA attributes are what make dynamic elements “talk” to assistive technology. Used well, they keep users informed about what’s changing on screen.

    The essentials:

    • aria-expanded shows whether a section is open or closed.
    • aria-controls links the button to the content it manages.
    • aria-hidden keeps hidden content out of the accessibility tree.
    • aria-labelledby ties the panel back to its header.

    Your JavaScript should keep these in sync. When a section opens, switch aria-expanded to “true” and remove the hidden attribute. When it closes, set it back to “false” and hide the content again.

    Add some visual feedback — an arrow that rotates or a smooth transition — so the interaction feels cohesive for everyone.

    Good accordion accessibility doesn’t just meet a spec; it creates a consistent, predictable experience no matter how someone browses.

    Native vs. Custom: Choosing the Right Path

    If you’re building something simple, the native <details> and <summary> tags might do everything you need. They’re semantic, keyboard-ready, and require almost no JavaScript.

    <details>
      <summary>Return Policy</summary>
      <p>Most items can be returned within 30 days.</p>
    </details>

    The downside? Styling can be limited, and behavior may vary slightly across screen readers — especially on iOS.

    For more complex use cases, like multi-step forms or sections that animate open one at a time, a custom setup gives you full control. Just remember that every bit of custom logic means you’re also responsible for maintaining the accessibility that native elements give you for free.

    Putting It All Together

    Imagine a checkout form split into three collapsible sections: Personal Info, Billing, and Shipping.

    Each section uses a button with aria-expanded and aria-controls. Each panel has role="region" and a unique ID. When users open a section, screen readers announce “Billing section expanded,” and focus moves smoothly to the first field.

    If JavaScript fails, the content is still visible and usable. That’s resilience — and it’s a hallmark of good accordion accessibility.

    When you build this way, you’re not adding “extra” accessibility. You’re writing cleaner, smarter code that works for everyone.

    Testing What You’ve Built

    No accessibility checklist is complete without testing.

    Manual Testing

     Use only your keyboard. Confirm that focus behaves as expected and hidden panels can’t be tabbed into.

    Screen Reader Testing

    Run through your accordion with NVDA, JAWS, or VoiceOver. Listen for clear announcements of “expanded” and “collapsed” states.

    Automated Tools

    Tools like Lighthouse or WAVE can flag broken ARIA references, missing labels, or overlapping IDs. Automated scans are helpful, but they’re not the finish line. Real users will always notice things an algorithm won’t. The goal isn’t perfection — it’s progress and empathy in practice.

    Keep Expanding Accessibility

    When built with care, accessible accordions do more than tidy up a layout — they make a site feel calmer, smarter, and easier to use. They’re a small reminder that good code and good experience go hand in hand.

    Every time you improve an interactive element, you make the web a little more welcoming.

    If you’re ready to take a closer look at your site’s accessibility — from accordions to forms, modals, and beyond — schedule an ADA briefing with 216digital. We’ll help you identify where your code stands today and how to make accessibility part of your workflow going forward.

    Greg McNeil

    October 30, 2025
    How-to Guides
    Accessibility, accessible accordion, accordion, accordion accessibility, How-to, web developers, web development, Website Accessibility
  • How Good Is Your Mobile Accessibility, Really?

    How Good Is Your Mobile Accessibility, Really?

    Mobile accessibility isn’t just about conforming to WCAG guidelines. With most users browsing on phones and tablets, it’s essential that your designs scale, respond, and support every interaction with ease. For teams building interactive components like tabs, modals, and accordions, mobile behavior and overall mobile accessibility are just as important as how things look on a large desktop screen.

    Even small design and coding choices — like touch target sizing, color contrast, or label structure — can make the difference between a smooth, intuitive experience and a frustrating one. In this article, we’ll walk through practical ways to fold accessibility into your everyday workflow so every tap, scroll, and swipe feels natural, predictable, and inclusive.

    Start with a Solid Responsive Framework

    Use Flexible Layout and Relative Units

    Building accessibility starts with flexible design foundations. A responsive framework ensures that your layout, text, and controls adapt fluidly to any screen size or orientation. Strong responsive foundations are one of the easiest ways to improve mobile accessibility before you write a single line of JavaScript.

    Use relative units like em, rem, %, or vw/vh instead of fixed pixel values. This allows text and elements to scale naturally when users zoom in or change device settings. Avoid rigid containers that break under different resolutions — instead, rely on CSS Grid or Flexbox to help content reflow cleanly.

    Set the Viewport and Respect Zoom

    Always set your viewport meta tag correctly. Add:

    <meta name=”viewport” content=”width=device-width, initial-scale=1″>

    This ensures your content fits the screen properly while allowing users to zoom. Never disable user scaling — it’s essential for users with low vision who need to enlarge content.

    Test Orientation Changes Early

    As your layout takes shape, test orientation changes early. Rotate your device between portrait and landscape to catch:

    • Broken layouts
    • Cropped images
    • Misplaced or partially hidden buttons

    Fixing these issues early in the process is far easier than patching them close to launch.

    Use Responsive Testing Tools

    Finally, make full use of your testing tools. Browser DevTools, responsive modes in Chrome and Edge, and cross-device testing platforms like BrowserStack can help confirm that your site behaves predictably across a range of screens and devices, not just your test phone.

    Make Touch Interaction Effortless

    Design for Comfortable Tap Targets

    Touch interaction is where mobile accessibility truly lives. If users struggle to tap, swipe, or input data, your design loses usability fast — especially in dense interface patterns like accordions and tab sets, where every tap needs to land reliably.

    Keep these principles in mind:

    • Size matters: Interactive targets should be at least 44x44px (about 7–10mm) — the recommended minimum to help prevent accidental taps.
    • Give everything breathing room: Provide enough padding between buttons, links, and icons so people can tap comfortably without frustration.

    Keep Gestures Simple and Discoverable

    Avoid complex or multi-finger actions without alternatives. Not all users can perform pinch or long-press gestures, so offer single-tap controls or visible UI options that accomplish the same function.

    Make Forms Clear and Supportive

    When designing forms, think ease and clarity:

    • Use tap-friendly toggles, switches, and radio buttons where possible — they’re easier to use than long text fields for many tasks.
    • Support autofill so users don’t have to retype predictable information.
    • Add clear labels, and use aria-describedby for inline help or error messages so users understand what’s needed without guessing.

    Respect Reach and Alternate Inputs

    • Think about reach: Frequent actions like “Next” or “Submit” should sit within the natural thumb zone — generally the middle to lower part of the screen.
    • Plan for alternate inputs: Make sure your mobile experience is fully navigable using keyboards, styluses, and switch devices. A touch-friendly site should still work well for users who rely on other interaction methods.

    When these patterns are in place, complex interactions — including accordions — feel lighter, more predictable, and less error-prone on small screens.

    Use Relative Units for Scalable Text and Elements

    Scalable typography is one of the simplest ways to improve readability and accessibility. Replacing absolute pixel values with relative units helps your design adapt to user zoom and different display settings.

    A few practical habits:

    • Favor relative units: Use rem, em, %, and vw/vh for type and spacing rather than fixed pixel values.
    • Test at 200% zoom: Zoom your interface to 200%. Text should remain readable, and your layout should stay intact. If it doesn’t, adjust spacing, line height, or font scaling strategies.
    • Lean on fluid type: Adopt fluid typography using modern CSS. The clamp() function lets type scale gracefully across screen sizes:
      font-size: clamp(1rem, 2vw + 0.5rem, 1.5rem);
    • Avoid fixed positioning for essential content: Pop-ups, modals, or sticky elements should reflow naturally instead of overlapping or disappearing when users zoom or rotate their device.

    When text and key UI elements can scale without breaking the layout, more people can comfortably read and interact with your content — regardless of their device or settings.

    Build Consistency Into Layout and Navigation

    A predictable interface builds user confidence. When navigation, buttons, forms, and interactive patterns like accordions behave consistently, users can move through your app or site with less cognitive load and fewer surprises.

    To support that predictability:

    • Use semantic HTML to describe structure: Elements like <header>, <nav>, <main>, and <footer> help screen readers and assistive technologies understand your page organization automatically.
    • Label icons and actions clearly: If a button uses only an icon, include a descriptive aria-label so its purpose is announced reliably.
    • Keep the order and flow logical: Consistent menu placement and button order reduce the learning curve and make navigation easier for everyone.
    • Standardize components: Consider building a shared design system or component library. When your buttons, forms, modals, and accordions are built with accessibility baked in, those best practices carry forward across every project and release and directly support stronger mobile accessibility in your product.

    Consistency is what turns individual accessibility improvements into a cohesive, trustworthy experience across your entire product.

    Refine Color Contrast and Visual Hierarchy

    Meet Contrast Ratios for Text and UI

    Color plays a big role in mobile readability. Good contrast ensures visibility across different lighting conditions and for users with color vision deficiencies.

    Follow the WCAG contrast standards:

    • 4.5:1 for normal text
    • 3:1 for large text and UI components
    • 3:1 minimum for icons, borders, and input outlines

    Beyond ratios, test your designs under real-world lighting:

    • Bright sunlight
    • Dim rooms
    • Dark mode

    Mobile users interact in unpredictable environments, and contrast that looks great on your monitor may fail in the field.

    Use More Than Color to Convey Meaning

    • Don’t rely on color alone. Combine color with icons, text, or patterns — for example, pair error messages with red outlines and clear, descriptive text.
    • Use hierarchy to guide attention. Thoughtful spacing, font weight, and color contrast help users quickly understand relationships between elements and scan content without extra effort.

    Tools like Stark, WebAIM’s Contrast Checker, or built-in accessibility plugins in Figma and Sketch can help you validate your palette before development begins, so you’re not chasing contrast issues late in the cycle.

    Provide Strong Text Alternatives

    Every image, icon, and multimedia element needs a meaningful text alternative. This is foundational work that has a direct impact on how usable your experience is with assistive technology.

    Good practices include:

    • Alt text with purpose: Use alt text that describes the content or function of an image. If it’s purely decorative, leave the alt attribute empty so screen readers can skip it.
    • Captions and transcripts for multimedia: Even short video clips benefit from lightweight subtitles or transcripts, especially for users in noisy or very quiet environments.
    • Name icon-only controls: If your app relies on icons alone, use aria-label or aria-labelledby attributes so each control can be understood by assistive technology.

    For expanding sections and other interactive disclosures, accuracy and clarity matter:

    • Ensure expanded/collapsed states are exposed to assistive tech.
    • Make sure focus moves in a way that feels intuitive for screen reader and keyboard users.
    • Confirm that each trigger or header clearly describes the content it reveals.

    Validate with Screen Readers

    Before launch, run a screen reader check using VoiceOver (iOS) or TalkBack (Android). Listen to how your app is announced — are the labels clear, logical, and concise? If not, revise until the experience feels straightforward and reliable.

    Strong text alternatives and well-labeled controls are some of the most important building blocks of mobile accessibility, especially for users who rely on screen readers to navigate touch screens.

    Integrate Accessibility Into the Development Process

    Start Accessibility Reviews Early

    The most sustainable way to maintain accessibility is to make it part of your normal workflow, not an afterthought.

    Start early:

    • Evaluate accessibility during wireframes or prototypes, not only after development.
    • Validate color contrast, layout flow, and focus order while the structure is still flexible — including how components behave for users who depend on assistive tech.

    Add Accessibility Checks to Your Pipeline

    Automate where it makes sense:

    • Use tools like WAVE or Lighthouse in your CI/CD pipeline to catch common accessibility issues before code review.
    • Treat failures as signals to improve your shared components and patterns, rather than one-off fixes.

    Balance Automation with Manual Testing

    But don’t rely on automation alone:

    • Automation can’t replicate real user interactions.
    • Test with screen readers, high-contrast settings, and keyboard-only navigation.
    • Include scenarios that specifically cover key mobile flows — forms, navigation menus, and high-traffic interactive components — alongside other critical interactions.

    Make Accessibility a Shared Responsibility

    Remember, accessibility is a team effort. Designers, developers, and QA testers should all share visibility into accessibility requirements and results, and understand how their work affects users with disabilities.

    Finally, document and iterate:

    • Keep a living accessibility checklist for your team.
    • Note what worked, what failed, and what needs refinement in future sprints so patterns like menus, dialogs, and other interactive components continue to improve and reinforce mobile accessibility over time.

    Keep Improving — and Get Expert Support When You Need It

    Accessibility isn’t a finish line. It evolves with new technologies, operating systems, and user expectations. Revisit your mobile experience regularly, especially after framework, library, or OS updates.

    Make a habit of:

    • Gathering real-world user feedback, especially from people who rely on assistive technology.
    • Comparing that feedback with automated test results to uncover gaps that tools miss.
    • Continuing to test, train, and refine your approach so accessibility remains second nature for your entire team.

    Partner with Experts When It Matters

    If you’re ready to strengthen your mobile accessibility strategy and build experiences that feel natural across screen sizes and devices, schedule an ADA briefing with 216digital. Our team helps you identify hidden barriers, streamline your workflow, and build digital experiences that stay inclusive across every screen size.

    Greg McNeil

    October 29, 2025
    Legal Compliance, Testing & Remediation
    Accessibility, mobile accessibility, mobile apps, Web Accessibility, Website Accessibility
  • ADA and Unruh Act: The Recipe for Huge Settlements

    ADA and Unruh Act: The Recipe for Huge Settlements

    Over the past decade, more companies have been blindsided by accessibility lawsuits carrying price tags in the hundreds of thousands—or even millions. The culprit isn’t just the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). In many cases, it’s the ADA combined with California’s Unruh Civil Rights Act (Unruh Act).

    Each law was written to protect people with disabilities and promote equal access. But together, they’ve become a powerful tool for legal action, especially in California, where plaintiffs can seek statutory damages. What often begins as a small accessibility oversight—a missing alt tag or an inaccessible entrance—can escalate quickly once both laws are involved.

    This article breaks down how the ADA and Unruh Act overlap, why class actions magnify the risk, and what practical steps businesses can take to reduce exposure and protect their reputation.

    Two Laws, One Powerful Combination

    Understanding why this pairing leads to such large settlements starts with how each law operates.

    The ADA: A Federal Baseline for Accessibility

    Passed in 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act set the national standard for accessibility. It prohibits discrimination based on disability and requires that businesses, public agencies, and digital services be accessible to everyone.

    Under Title III, that means:

    • Removing barriers in buildings and parking lots
    • Maintaining accessible routes and signage
    • Making digital platforms—like websites and apps—usable with assistive technology

    Violating the ADA generally results in a court order to fix the issue, not a payout to the plaintiff. That changes under California law.

    The Unruh Act: California’s Added Layer of Risk

    California’s Unruh Act goes further than the ADA. Enacted in 1959, it bans discrimination on many grounds—disability among them—and allows plaintiffs to claim statutory damages, usually $4,000 per violation.

    Here’s where it becomes significant: under California law, a violation of the ADA automatically counts as a violation of the Unruh Act. That link gives plaintiffs the right to seek financial damages for what would otherwise be a non-monetary ADA claim.

    In practice, one missed accessibility requirement in California can generate dual claims—federal and state—and quickly turn into a costly lawsuit.

    When One Claim Becomes Hundreds: The Class Action Multiplier

    A single violation may not break a company. A class action might.

    Under the Unruh Act, damages apply per person, per incident. So if one user encounters an inaccessible website form, that’s $4,000. If 500 people encounter it, the number multiplies fast.

    California courts often enhance damages further when multiple plaintiffs share the same experience. What starts as a small issue—such as poor contrast or an inaccessible navigation menu—can balloon into a multimillion-dollar settlement.

    That’s why the class-action mechanism is considered the biggest financial threat for companies operating in or serving customers from California.

    State-Level Accessibility Laws on the Rise

    California may have started the trend, but other states are following suit. New York, Massachusetts, and Illinois have strengthened their accessibility laws in ways that complement or exceed federal standards.

    Many of these laws now reference the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)—the same international standards used to measure digital accessibility. That means:

    • Websites and mobile apps are increasingly part of compliance expectations.
    • State and federal claims can overlap, increasing exposure.
    • A single accessibility gap can violate multiple laws at once.

    This expanding patchwork of regulations makes compliance more complicated. Businesses that operate nationally need to keep a close eye on both federal rules and the evolving state-level requirements that mirror the Unruh Act.

    How Small Gaps Turn Into Large Settlements

    Accessibility lawsuits rarely start with large systemic failures. More often, they begin with something small.

    • A faded accessibility sign in a parking lot
    • A checkout button that can’t be reached with a keyboard
    • A product image missing alt text

    Individually, these might seem like minor oversights. In California, they can qualify as Unruh Act violations and open the door to class actions.

    Law firms that specialize in accessibility cases actively scan websites and physical locations for these gaps. And since digital platforms are constantly updated—with new themes, plugins, or content—accessibility issues can reappear even after remediation.

    Practical Steps to Reduce Risk

    Addressing accessibility proactively isn’t just a legal safeguard—it’s good business practice. The steps below can help reduce the likelihood of a claim under the ADA or Unruh Act.

    1. Conduct Regular Accessibility Audits

    Schedule audits for both your physical spaces and your digital properties. An experienced accessibility partner can evaluate:

    • Entrances, parking areas, restrooms, and signage
    • Website structure, navigation, and color contrast
    • App functionality and compatibility with assistive tools

    Audits help identify issues before they reach a courtroom.

    2. Strengthen Digital Accessibility

    Digital accessibility lawsuits are among the fastest-growing categories. To stay compliant:

    • Follow WCAG 2.1 AA standards.
    • Test with screen readers and keyboard navigation.
    • Review every update—new features can reintroduce barriers.

    Working with a web accessibility partner like 216digital ensures your compliance strategy evolves alongside your website.

    3. Train Staff Across Departments

    Accessibility shouldn’t live in a single department. Train employees—from developers to front-desk staff—to recognize and report accessibility barriers. Regular refreshers keep awareness high and prevent accidental noncompliance.

    4. Create a Clear Response Plan

    When someone reports an accessibility problem, how your team responds matters.

    • Acknowledge the concern right away.
    • Communicate a plan and timeline for fixing it.
    • Document your actions.

    That kind of transparency can resolve most issues before legal action begins.

    5. Explore Legal Insurance

    Insurance coverage for ADA and Unruh Act claims is becoming more common. While it shouldn’t replace compliance, it can limit financial exposure if a lawsuit does occur.

    Staying Ahead of the Risk

    The combination of the ADA, the Unruh Act, and emerging state-level rules has created a high-stakes environment for accessibility compliance. Class-action multipliers can turn one oversight into a major settlement, and the laws are only expanding.

    But the solution isn’t fear—it’s preparation. Regular audits, team training, and ongoing monitoring make accessibility manageable and sustainable. More importantly, they send a clear message to customers: your business welcomes everyone.

    At 216digital, we help organizations take a proactive approach to compliance—protecting them from risk while strengthening their commitment to inclusion.

    If you’re ready to understand where your website stands and how to stay protected, schedule an ADA briefing with our accessibility team. We’ll walk you through your current risk level, outline a clear strategy for compliance, and help you build digital experiences that work for everyone.

    Accessibility done right isn’t just about avoiding lawsuits—it’s about building a web that works for all.

    Greg McNeil

    October 28, 2025
    Legal Compliance
    ADA Compliance, ADA Lawsuit, ADA Lawsuits, Unruh Act, Unruh Civil Rights Act, web accessibility lawsuits
  • Are Your Navigation Menus Really Accessible?

    Are Your Navigation Menus Really Accessible?

    Navigation menus sit at the heart of every website. They guide visitors, shape first impressions, and quietly influence how people experience your content. When they’re designed well, users glide through your site without a second thought. But when they’re not—especially for those using assistive technology—they can become invisible walls.

    Here’s the encouraging part: most accessibility issues in navigation menus aren’t complicated bugs. They’re small implementation gaps—an unlabeled toggle, a missing focus state, or an overzealous ARIA role. Once you know what to look for, these problems are simple to fix. A few mindful adjustments can turn a confusing experience into one that feels natural and dependable for everyone.

    Let’s look at some of the most common pitfalls—and how to create navigation menus that are clear, responsive, and genuinely inclusive.

    When Icons Don’t Tell the Whole Story

    Hamburger and grid icons are practically universal now, but they often leave assistive technology users guessing. If the icon has no accessible label—or if it always says “Menu” even after opening—someone using a screen reader won’t know what just happened. They can open the menu but might never find their way to close it again.

    A simple solution makes all the difference. Use a real <button> instead of a <div>, and include a label that changes dynamically:

    <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="nav-menu" aria-label="Open main menu">
      <svg>...</svg>
    </button>

    When the menu opens, toggle both the aria-expanded value and the label text so it says “Close main menu.” Keep the visible and programmatic labels consistent, and test it with a screen reader—you should hear “collapsed” when closed and “expanded” when open. That small update transforms an ambiguous icon into an accessible, reliable control.

    When ARIA Does More Harm Than Good

    ARIA is powerful—but it’s easy to get carried away. Adding role="menu" or swapping links for clickable <div>s often seems helpful but can actually break keyboard navigation. What once felt intuitive suddenly becomes disorienting.

    For most global navigation menus, semantic HTML is your best ally. Let the browser and assistive technology do the heavy lifting:

    <nav aria-label="Main navigation">
      <ul>
        <li><a href="/shop">Shop</a></li>
        <li><a href="/about">About</a></li>
      </ul>
    </nav>

    Reserve ARIA menu roles for true application-style widgets—not your site’s primary navigation. And if you’re stacking attributes like role, aria-expanded, and aria-owns on every element, take a step back. Clean markup almost always leads to cleaner accessibility.

    When Submenus Don’t Communicate Clearly

    Expandable submenus can streamline navigation beautifully—unless they leave users guessing what just changed. If the menu opens visually but nothing is announced, or if keyboard focus jumps unpredictably, it can feel like losing your place mid-sentence.

    The fix is all about clear communication and focus management. Each expandable section should use a labeled <button> with aria-expanded and aria-controls. When the submenu opens, move focus into it; when it collapses, return focus to the button. Keep the tab order logical, steady, and consistent from top to bottom.

    You don’t need fancy transitions or animations to make it feel polished. Reliable, predictable focus behavior builds confidence faster than any design flourish ever could.

    When Focus Bleeds Through the Overlay

    Full-screen or overlay-style navigation menus look modern, but without careful handling, they can trap or confuse users. If keyboard focus slips to content behind the overlay—or if pressing Escape does nothing—you’ve suddenly turned a convenience into a barrier.

    To prevent that, treat your open menu as a modal. Use aria-modal="true" or temporarily set background elements to inert so they can’t receive focus. Keep keyboard focus inside the open menu, and when it closes, send focus back to the toggle button. Include Escape key support, for instance:

    if (event.key === 'Escape') {
      closeMenu();
      toggleButton.focus();
    }

    This might seem small, but it’s the kind of polish that separates a functional menu from a professional one. Every interaction should have a clear start and finish—no guesswork required.

    When Hover-Only Menus Leave Users Behind

    Hover-only submenus often look sleek but behave unpredictably. Move your pointer a little too far, and the menu vanishes. Keyboard users can’t open them at all. WCAG flags this under guideline 1.4.13 (Content on Hover or Focus), and it’s one of the easiest ways to unintentionally exclude users.

    The better pattern is to use buttons instead of hover triggers, so the same content can be opened with a click or a keypress. Add a slight delay before closing or a “grace zone” so menus don’t disappear the instant a cursor slips away. Support the Escape key for dismissal.

    Improving hover behavior doesn’t just make your navigation menus more accessible—it creates a smoother, more forgiving experience for everyone, from stylus users to touchscreen visitors.

    When Small Targets Cause Big Frustrations

    Tiny icons and tightly packed links might look minimalist, but they’re not friendly to real-world use. On mobile screens—or for anyone with limited dexterity—they can turn simple navigation into a precision test.

    Aim for tap targets that are at least 24×24 pixels, or use padding to achieve the same result. Stick to flexible units like em or rem so spacing adapts naturally to user settings. And always test your navigation menus at 320px width and 200% zoom. They should remain readable, functional, and scroll-free.

    If you can comfortably use your site one-handed on your phone, chances are others can too.

    When Users Can’t Find Their Bearings

    Good wayfinding is subtle but essential. Without clear navigation landmarks or skip links, screen reader users can’t easily tell which menu they’re in—or how to bypass repeated links.

    Make orientation effortless. Label every <nav> region descriptively:

    <nav aria-label="Primary navigation">
    <nav aria-label="Footer links">

    Include a “Skip to main content” link that becomes visible on focus:

    <a href="#main-content" class="skip-link">Skip to main content</a>

    Consistency matters just as much as code. Keep link names and order uniform across your site so users can build reliable patterns as they move from page to page.

    Building Navigation That Truly Guides

    Accessible navigation isn’t just about compliance—it’s about creating confidence. When every visitor, regardless of ability, can explore your site without hesitation, you’ve built something far more meaningful than a working menu—you’ve built trust.

    Each small improvement—a descriptive label, a focus fix, a skip link—adds up to an experience that feels intentional and human. Accessibility isn’t about limitation; it’s about refinement.

    If you’d like an expert review of your site’s navigation structure—or want to chart a practical roadmap toward WCAG compliance—schedule an ADA briefing with 216digital. We’ll help you evaluate your navigation menus, identify quick wins, and design sustainable improvements that keep accessibility woven into every future update.

    Greg McNeil

    October 27, 2025
    How-to Guides
    Accessibility, Keyboard Navigation, navigation menu, Web Accessibility, Website Accessibility
  • Name, State, Role, and Value: What’s WCAG 4.1.2 About?

    Name, State, Role, and Value: What’s WCAG 4.1.2 About?

    Modern interfaces can be beautiful, fast, and feature-rich, but one truth remains: the browser is ultimately in charge. Your HTML, CSS, and JavaScript make requests—not guarantees. What users experience depends on what the browser chooses to expose. For people using assistive technologies, that experience only works when the interface communicates clearly.

    That’s where WCAG 4.1.2 comes in.


    This requirement focuses on four foundational properties—Name, State, Role, and Value (NSRV). These properties help browsers and assistive technologies understand what something is and how it behaves. When NSRV is clear and consistent, a button feels like a button, a menu updates when it opens, and a form field tells you exactly what it expects.

    For designers and developers who care about creating seamless experiences, WCAG 4.1.2 remains essential. Even in component-driven, JavaScript-heavy environments, NSRV is the common language that keeps everything understandable and usable.

    How Browsers, the DOM, and Assistive Tech Communicate

    When you write markup, you’re not building the interface directly. You’re describing it. The browser takes those instructions and constructs the Document Object Model (DOM)—a living structure that represents the page.

    Different rendering engines—Blink, Gecko, WebKit—may interpret aspects of your code slightly differently. That means accessibility issues can show up even when something “seems fine.”

    Here’s the real pipeline:

    1. Authoring code
    2. DOM
    3. Accessibility Tree (AX API mapping)
    4. Assistive technologies

    Each step depends on accurate Name, State, Role, and Value. This idea—programmatic determinability—ensures meaning is exposed in a consistent, machine-readable way. Without that, assistive tech tools can’t reliably describe what’s on the page or what’s changing.

    Dynamic pages make this even more important. When menus open, sliders move, or modals appear, assistive tools need updates in real time. If properties don’t update programmatically, users can’t follow what’s happening.

    Takeaway: When NSRV is accurate and kept in sync, assistive technologies can deliver the right information at the right time—and every user can understand the interface.

    The Core Four: What Each Attribute Means and Why It Matters

    Name – What Do We Call It?

    The Name is how an element identifies itself to users. This is what screen readers announce.

    Examples:

    • Button label text
    • A <label> or aria-label on a form field

    Why it matters:Without a Name, users cannot understand what an element does.

    Tip: Use visible labels first. ARIA naming is helpful, but visible text supports more users.

    Role – What Is It?

    The Role tells assistive technologies what kind of element something is—a button, checkbox, link, menu item, slider, and so on.

    Example:

    • <button> has a built-in role
    • A <div> acting like a button needs role="button" (but native is better)

    Why it matters: Role sets expectations. Assistive tech knows what kinds of interactions are possible.

    Tip: Start with semantic HTML before adding ARIA roles.

    State – What’s Happening Right Now?

    The State describes the current condition of an element—checked, selected, expanded, disabled, and more.

    Example:

    • A checkbox marked checked or unchecked
    • A menu marked expanded or collapsed

    Why it matters: Users need to know what changed when they interact.

    Tip: Update states programmatically when elements change.

    Value – What’s Inside?

    The Value describes what the element holds or represents.

    Examples:

    • The number on a range slider
    • Text inside an input field

    Why it matters: Value tells users the meaningful data inside a component.

    Tip: Make sure values are programmatically determinable, not only visual.

    WCAG 4.1.2 in Practice: Using Elements Correctly

    WCAG 4.1.2 is easier to meet when you let semantic elements do the heavy lifting. Trouble often begins when developers override built-in behavior to create custom widgets.

    Avoid Non-Semantic Interactive Elements

    Turning <div> and <span> elements into buttons or toggles breaks built-in accessibility. Without the right roles, keyboard support, and states, users get stuck.

    Prefer:

    • <button> for actions
    • <a href> for navigation

    Avoid Overreliance on ARIA

    ARIA is powerful—but it doesn’t replace semantic HTML.

    Before using ARIA, ask:

    • Can a native element do this?

    Keep States Updated

    Custom menus, modals, and sliders often fail when values and states don’t update programmatically.

    Native elements like <details>, <input type="range">, <progress>, and <meter> handle these states automatically.

    Label and Group Clearly

    Label every control. Connect labels using for and id. Group related controls with <fieldset> and <legend>.

    Get Focus and Keys “For Free”

    Native controls include keyboard behavior and focus management. Custom widgets require rebuilding that logic—and often fall short.

    Quick Micro-Checklist

    • Can I use native HTML?
    • Is there a visible label and accessible Name?
    • Does the component handle its own State and Role?

    Most fixes are simpler than they seem. The right element often solves the problem.

    Building with Clarity: Practical Tips

    Creating strong accessibility starts with intentional structure.

    • Start with semantics: Use meaningful HTML
    • Make states detectable: Keep ARIA states synced via JavaScript
    • Label everything: Buttons, fields, toggles
    • Test with assistive tech: NVDA, VoiceOver, JAWS
    • Remember the human: Every accurate property helps someone navigate with confidence

    When these patterns are in place, meeting WCAG 4.1.2 becomes natural.

    From Compliance to Connection: Why This Really Matters

    Thinking about NSRV is more than rules or checklists. It’s a way to ensure the interface means the same thing to everyone.

    Good NSRV means:

    • Screen reader users understand visual changes
    • Keyboard users can follow focus
    • Voice users can activate controls reliably
    • Tools—of all kinds—can interact consistently

    When Name, State, Role, and Value are aligned, you build experiences that are predictable and smooth. Users gain confidence. The design feels intentional.

    And yes, you also meet WCAG 4.1.2, but the value goes far beyond compliance. This is craftsmanship: building software that works everywhere.

    WCAG 4.1.2 as a Marker of Quality

    Mastering these basics future-proofs your work. Frameworks, libraries, and patterns come and go. But NSRV remains the foundation that browsers, assistive tech, and automation depend on.

    Developers who internalize these practices ship interfaces that work—no matter the environment.

    It’s more than accessibility. It’s resilience.

    Strengthen Your Foundation, Strengthen Your Site

    Name, State, Role, and Value form the quiet structure that holds your interface together. Get them right, and your components speak clearly to every device and every user.

    If someone can:

    • Name the element
    • Understand its Role
    • Perceive its State
    • And hear or see its Value

    …they can use it with confidence.

    Strong NSRV helps you meet WCAG 4.1.2, but more importantly, it helps you deliver thoughtful, dependable design. When code becomes clear communication, everyone benefits.

    If you’re ready to strengthen your website’s foundation, 216digital can help. Our accessibility experts work alongside development teams to audit, teach, and fine-tune interfaces for real-world usability.

    Schedule an ADA briefing with 216digital to start building stronger, more accessible experiences from the inside out.

    Greg McNeil

    October 24, 2025
    WCAG Compliance
    Accessibility, WCAG, WCAG 4.1.2, WCAG Compliance, Web Accessibility, Website Accessibility
  • Can Free Tools Handle Accessibility Monitoring?

    Can Free Tools Handle Accessibility Monitoring?

    You’ve finished remediation. The worst barriers are gone, and your team takes a well-earned victory lap. A few weeks later, though, a plugin gets updated, marketing adds a third-party widget, a dev ships a “harmless” CSS tweak—and suddenly a button loses its visible focus style, a modal traps keyboard users, and checkout errors stop announcing to screen readers.

    That’s how the web works: a website is a living system. Content, components, dependencies, and integrations are always in motion. And it doesn’t take a major redesign to break something important—sometimes a “quick fix” is all it takes to undo months of good work.

    That raises the question: Is it enough to lean on free browser tools for occasional spot checks, or is it time to invest in accessibility monitoring that gives you steady, ongoing confidence?

    In this guide, we’ll compare both paths—cost, coverage, reliability, risk, and effort. We’ll also share a hybrid approach that many teams prefer and show how a11y.Radar (216digital’s monitoring solution) helps you protect the remediation you’ve already paid for while keeping team workload predictable.

    Why Ongoing Accessibility Monitoring Matters (Even After You “Pass”)

    Think of accessibility like security, uptime, or SEO: you don’t check once and call it done—you maintain it. After remediation, your site is in a good place. But change is constant, and those changes often show up in small, easy-to-miss ways, such as:

    • A new banner, analytics script, or carousel has been added to a key template.
    • A cookie-consent update that quietly alters focus management or timing.
    • A styling tweak that shifts color contrast or live-region behavior.

    Many issues don’t show up on the surface. They appear when people actually interact with your interface—opening a menu, submitting a form, tabbing through a dialog, or switching filters. The more ways people can move through your site, the more opportunities there are for something to break without anyone noticing right away.

    Why You Can’t Rely on Users (Or Automation) Alone

    As your site grows, so does the number of templates, content authors, and embeds. Every new piece is another opportunity for a regression. Relying on users to report problems means you’ll hear about them late, and often in a very public way. At the same time, you already know that meaningful issues in mature audits usually need human judgment; automation alone can’t replicate a real person moving through real flows.

    Monitoring isn’t about chasing scores. It’s a way to catch small cracks early, before they turn into costly gaps that affect both user experience and your team’s time.

    Free Browser Tools: What Are They and Where They Fall Short

    You already know the classics, like Google Lighthouse in Chrome DevTools. They’re fast, free, and helpful, and they absolutely deserve a place in your process.

    These tools shine in moments like:

    • Running checks during development or PR review to catch obvious misses such as missing alt text, ARIA misuse, or color-contrast problems.
    • Iterating on a single component or template where quick, page-level feedback keeps improvements moving.

    In those contexts, it’s easy to run Lighthouse on a single page, surface immediate issues, and point engineers straight to the right fixes.

    Where Free Web Accessibility Tools Fall Short

    The challenge comes when you try to stretch these tools beyond what they were designed to do. Page-by-page checks don’t give you site-wide visibility, automated drift detection, or a sense of how issues are spreading across templates. Most free scans don’t simulate realistic user journeys—checkout, sign-up, multi-step forms—so serious interaction problems can stay hidden. You also don’t get alerts, historical trends, or reports to show what’s getting better or worse over time.

    On top of that, the signal can be noisy. Some findings are low impact or turn out to be false positives, while other high-impact problems never surface at all without human testing. Free tools are fantastic tactical helpers, but they aren’t a complete plan for accessibility monitoring at scale.

    The Hidden Costs of “Free”

    “Free” starts to look expensive once you factor in the time your team spends and the risk your organization carries.

    Manually scanning individual pages doesn’t scale well as your catalog, blog, or application grows. Over time, consistency slips, and gaps appear between what you intend to check and what actually gets checked. Without any alerting, a broken label or focus trap can sit unnoticed for weeks, frustrating users and quietly hurting conversions.

    Risk and False Confidence

    A green Lighthouse score can also create a false sense of security. It doesn’t cover complex interactions or conditional content, and it can’t guarantee that every critical flow is usable with assistive technology or only a keyboard. Meanwhile, if a barrier exists when a user needs to complete a task, “we thought we were compliant” won’t help much in a legal or reputational crisis.

    The Retrofit Tax

    There’s also the retrofit tax to consider. The longer a bug lives, the more it costs to fix—especially when it becomes part of a shared design system or depends on a third-party script. A helpful gut-check is this: if a critical flow broke tonight, how would you know—and how quickly could you respond?

    What Paid Accessibility Monitoring Adds That Free Tools Can’t

    A professional monitoring platform isn’t just “more scans.” It’s a system designed to help keep your site accessible over time, even as everything around it changes.

    Instead of manually spot-checking individual URLs, automated site-wide crawls scan your core templates and priority pages on a schedule. When a regression appears—maybe a template shifts, a new blocker arrives, or a dependency change breaks a pattern—the platform can surface that change quickly with contextual checks and alerts, so the right people hear about it while the issue is still small.

    Turning Findings Into Action

    Dashboards and trend lines turn those scans into something you can act on: you see what’s improving, what’s slipping, and where to focus next, with numbers you can share in reports. Integrations with tools like Jira or GitHub let you turn findings into tickets, assign owners, and track SLAs just like any other quality work. At the same time, an audit trail and documentation give you a record of what was found, when, and how it was resolved—valuable for compliance, procurement, and legal conversations.

    Scaling Without Burning Out Your Team

    Most importantly, a paid accessibility monitoring approach scales with you. As content and complexity grow, the system keeps up without burning out your developers, turning panicked fire drills into a more predictable subscription and a steadier workflow.

    A Practical Way to Decide: Budget, Scale, Confidence

    You don’t have to choose between “only free” or “only paid.” Many teams blend both, matching their approach to their personal constraints.

    If your site is small, built on a limited set of templates, and doesn’t change very often, you may find that free tools plus periodic professional audits are enough—especially if your legal exposure is relatively low and you can plan for a full review once or twice a year.

    On the other hand, if you’re working with a medium or large site or application, have frequent releases and many contributors, or maintain complex flows like checkout, applications, or authenticated account areas, the calculus changes. Higher-risk environments—enterprise, healthcare, finance, public sector—often need more confidence, along with leadership-level reporting and accountability, and that’s where continuous accessibility monitoring becomes hard to ignore.

    Why a Hybrid Strategy Often Wins

    A hybrid strategy often gives the best of both worlds. Free tools stay in the development workflow to support dev speed: run Lighthouse and similar tools during builds and code reviews to catch obvious misses early. Accessibility monitoring then sits underneath as a safety net, catching drift, regressions, and wide-impact issues across the site. Because everyone—from product managers to executives—can see how things are trending, accessibility becomes a shared responsibility, not a side project.

    Think of it like uptime: you still write resilient code, but you also run monitoring so you know when something fails.

    a11y.Radar: Ongoing Accessibility Monitoring, Minus the Guesswork

    After helping hundreds of organizations remediate, we built Accessibility Radar (a11y.Radar) at 216digital to address the problems that show up after the fixes are shipped and celebrated.

    a11y.Radar runs recurring crawls aligned to WCAG 2.2 (and ready for future updates), so your coverage keeps pace with current standards instead of freezing at the moment your audit was completed. When something that used to pass starts to fail, regression alerts let your team know quickly, often before users ever notice an issue. An issue dashboard surfaces severity and trends, so you can prioritize the highest-impact work first instead of chasing every minor flag with the same urgency.

    How a11y.Radar Works Day to Day

    You can also focus directly on key user journeys—checkout, forms, account areas, and other revenue or mission-critical flows—so the scenarios that matter most to your business are watched closely. Workflow integrations mean that findings don’t live in yet another silo; they move into the tools your dev and QA teams already use, via tickets, email, or exports. Context-aware guidance then points teams toward actionable fixes instead of leaving them to interpret raw scanner output alone.

    Human Expertise and Real-World Impact

    Behind the data is practitioner expertise. You benefit from specialists who spend their days fixing accessibility barriers, not just reading reports. a11y.Radar is human-first by design: it supports the judgment calls automation can’t make and keeps people focused where they add the most value. The result is simple but powerful—you’ve already paid to remediate; now Radar helps you keep that investment working in the background, day after day.

    For example, an e-commerce team wrapped up remediation in Q1. By Q2, a marketing embed introduced an off-screen focus trap on mobile filters. Lighthouse runs on individual pages, which looked fine because no one opened the filter drawer during checks. a11y.Radar flagged the regression within 24 hours as part of a scheduled crawl. The team patched the component that same week, preventing a dip in conversions and a wave of support tickets. Because monitoring caught it early, the fix took hours—not weeks.

    How to Choose Your Monitoring Setup (and Whether You Need One)

    Use this list to map your situation and make a confident choice:

    1. Site size & complexity
      • How many unique templates and components?
      • Do you lean heavily on third-party scripts or embeds?
      • Are there complex flows such as checkout, onboarding, applications, or donations?
    2. Update frequency
      • How often do you deploy?
      • How many non-dev authors can publish or update content (marketing, merchandising, HR, communications)?
    3. Team capacity
      • Do you have in-house accessibility expertise?
      • Can dev and QA dedicate consistent time to triage and fixes?
    4. Risk tolerance
      • What is the cost if a key task is inaccessible for a week?
      • Are you in a regulated or contract-sensitive space?
    5. Budget philosophy
      • Do you prefer a predictable subscription, or are you comfortable with unpredictable “hot-fix” costs and potential legal exposure?
    6. Evidence & accountability
      • Do stakeholders want monthly trends, audit trails, and measurable progress?

    How to Interpret Your Answers

    If most of your responses fall into the low-complexity, low-velocity, and low-risk range, you’ll probably do well with free tools supported by periodic audits. In that scenario, it may still be worth lightly monitoring your most important templates, but you probably do not need full-scale automation.

    When you start to see a mix of medium and high scores—especially around risk, complexity, or how fast you release—continuous monitoring becomes far more valuable. It can help you catch issues earlier, reduce last-minute fire drills, and lower the chances of an expensive surprise.

    If your answers land somewhere in the middle, a blended approach often works best: use free tools during development, then layer on a11y.Radar to watch the full site in the background and alert you when something slips.

    FAQs: Common Questions About Accessibility Monitoring

    If Lighthouse gives me a high score, am I good?

    It’s a positive signal, but not a guarantee. Scores don’t validate complex interactions, dynamic states, or multi-step flows.

    Can’t we just train employees better?

    Training helps a lot, and you should invest in it—but embeds, plugin updates, and code changes still happen. Monitoring catches the issues that training can’t fully prevent.

    WHow fast will monitoring pay for itself?

    YOften, the first caught regression—such as a broken checkout label, a focus issue in a form, or a contrast change in a primary call-to-action—saves enough support time, lost conversions, or rework to cover months of the subscription.

    Do we still need manual testing?

    Yes. Complex interactions and edge cases still need human eyes. Monitoring reduces the overall manual volume and helps focus human effort where it matters most.

    Remediation Makes You Compliant—Accessibility Monitoring Keeps You There

    You’ve already done the hard part: remediation. Now it’s about protecting that work.

    Free tools like Lighthouse belong in every developer’s toolbox and should be used often. But on a website that changes weekly—or daily—free spot checks alone won’t provide the continuous, site-wide assurance your users and your stakeholders truly need.

    A thoughtful strategy anchored by a11y.Radar gives you that kind of assurance: automated crawls, actionable alerts, trends over time, and an audit trail that holds up under scrutiny. It lowers stress, preserves developer bandwidth, and—most importantly—keeps your experience welcoming and usable for everyone.

    If you’d like help choosing the right mix for your site and want to see how a11y.Radar fits into your reality, let’s schedule an ADA briefing with 216digital. We’ll map your risks, walk through a practical setup, and build a plan that keeps accessibility strong and sustainable over the long term.

    Greg McNeil

    October 23, 2025
    Web Accessibility Monitoring
    Accessibility, Accessibility monitoring, Accessibility testing, web accessibility monitoring, Website Accessibility
  • PDF Accessibility: Fix It, File It, or Forget It?

    PDF Accessibility: Fix It, File It, or Forget It?

    Across the country, public agencies, cities, and schools are realizing something familiar: their websites are overflowing with PDFs. Old meeting minutes, downloadable forms, budget reports, policies—some going back decades.

    Now that ADA Title II’s new digital accessibility requirements are here, many organizations are asking the same question: What do we do with all these PDFs—fix them, archive them, or just delete them?

    It’s a fair concern. Tackling thousands of documents can feel overwhelming, but with structure and clear priorities, compliance doesn’t have to turn into chaos. The key is knowing where each file belongs and understanding what Title II expects. Its “effective communication” requirement applies to any public-facing information—whether it’s a web page or a PDF. And that’s where PDF accessibility becomes essential.

    Title II’s Digital Reach: Why PDFs Matter More Than Ever

    Under the updated rule, the Department of Justice (DOJ) now explicitly ties compliance to the WCAG 2.1 AA standard for both web content and digital documents. That means PDF accessibility isn’t optional—it’s part of the broader digital landscape public entities must make inclusive.

    PDFs often hold critical information: forms for permits, annual budgets, or public notices. They’re not just files—they’re the digital equivalent of bulletin boards and filing cabinets rolled into one. The format doesn’t matter; the function does. If a document delivers essential information or enables public participation in a service, it needs to meet accessibility standards.

    Understanding the Stakes: Compliance Meets Communication

    This isn’t just about checking a box. Accessibility ensures everyone—residents, students, employees, and citizens—can engage with essential services. A blind resident should be able to review the same budget report that a sighted resident can. A parent using a screen reader should be able to access a school registration form independently.

    Neglecting PDF accessibility carries risks beyond legal exposure:

    • Civil-rights complaints or DOJ investigations
    • Public frustration and loss of trust in digital systems
    • Extra workload when staff must manually assist users who can’t access online documents

    But there’s a real upside. Addressing inaccessible PDFs improves usability for everyone. Clean, searchable, well-structured documents enhance navigation, readability, and discoverability—building transparency and public trust along the way. In the long run, investing in PDF accessibility helps agencies communicate more clearly and build stronger, more inclusive digital services.

    Sorting It Out: Three Paths for Existing PDFs

    Before you can fix what’s broken, you need to understand what you have. Every public document fits into one of three paths: fix, file, or forget.

    Fix: PDFs in Active Use

    These are your living documents—the ones the public still needs. Application forms, current policies, schedules, or reports referenced by staff or citizens all qualify as “active.” If people rely on them today, they must meet accessibility standards, no matter their age.

    Start by prioritizing what has the most reach or impact:

    • Focus on high-traffic documents or those tied to essential services.
    • Create a phased remediation plan.
    • Use accessibility audits or trusted vendors for technical guidance.

    Updating these first helps protect the most visible and important content while creating a process that scales for future updates.

    Archive: PDFs with Historical or Record Value

    The DOJ recognizes a category called archived web content—older documents created before the compliance date that are retained only for historical or recordkeeping purposes.

    To qualify, archived files must:

    • Be clearly placed in an archive section of your site
    • Be labeled as historical
    • Remain unmodified since their creation

    Archiving is a defensible compliance approach when done correctly. However, there’s one important caveat: if someone requests an archived document, you must still provide it in an accessible format upon request. It’s fine to preserve history—you just need a plan to make it readable when needed.

    Delete: PDFs That No Longer Serve a Purpose

    Every website collects digital clutter. Old announcements, expired forms, or duplicate files often linger long after their purpose has passed. Deleting them doesn’t just tidy your server—it also reduces long-term accessibility risk.

    Think of it this way: every file you remove is one less you’ll need to review, remediate, or defend later. For content that no longer supports any public service or recordkeeping need, deletion is not only safe—it’s smart.

    You may find hundreds of outdated documents—old announcements, expired forms, duplicate files, or irrelevant reports. Removing these reduces clutter, storage costs, and long-term accessibility risk. Sometimes deletion is the simplest path to compliance. If a document serves no purpose, deleting it prevents unnecessary maintenance down the road.

    The Gray Areas: When “Archived” Isn’t Really Archived

    Here’s where organizations often run into trouble. Some documents labeled “archived” are still being used—an outdated but still-referenced policy, a legacy planning guide, or old meeting minutes still linked from a current page.

    If users still rely on it, cite it, or access it from your main site, it’s not archived—it’s active. The DOJ looks closely at how information is used, not just where it’s stored.

    Ask yourself:

    • Is this file still referenced in new materials?
    • Do users still need it to understand a current program or policy?

    If the answer is yes, it belongs in your accessibility plan, not your archive.

    Building a Smarter PDF Strategy

    Once you’ve decided what stays and what goes, you can start building a smarter plan. Think of it as PDF triage—a way to make decisions systematically instead of reactively.

    1. Inventory: List all PDFs on your public-facing sites.
    2. Classify: Label each one as active, archival, or obsolete.
    3. Act: Remediate, relocate, or remove accordingly.

    Then, put a few internal practices in place:

    • Add accessibility checkpoints before publishing new PDFs.
    • Use consistent naming and labeling for archived sections.
    • Create templates that already meet WCAG standards.
    • Train staff on creating and testing accessible files before upload.

    The goal is to make born-accessible PDFs your default. By designing accessibility into everyday workflows, you’ll prevent the next backlog before it starts.

    Making Remediation Manageable

    No one expects every document to be fixed overnight. PDF accessibility takes time, and focusing on steady, measurable progress rather than instant perfection is what makes lasting success possible.

    Here’s how to keep it realistic:

    • Use automated tools to identify the biggest barriers quickly.
    • Prioritize documents that are high-traffic or legally required.
    • Partner with remediation vendors for bulk or complex projects.
    • Convert forms and frequently updated PDFs to HTML for easier long-term maintenance.

    Over time, small wins add up. Every accessible file you fix reduces future workload, builds public trust, and strengthens your internal process.

    Shifting the Culture: Accessibility by Design

    The most sustainable compliance doesn’t come from one big remediation push—it comes from changing how documents are created in the first place. When accessibility is built into the process, it stops being a project and becomes a habit.

    Encourage teams to:

    • Include accessibility requirements in internal content policies.
    • Define clear roles and accountability for document creation.
    • Provide basic accessibility training for everyone who handles web content.
    • Review third-party uploads or contributions to ensure they meet standards.

    When accessibility becomes part of your everyday workflow, it’s no longer a scramble each time regulations change—it’s already part of how your organization communicates. Over time, PDF accessibility becomes second nature, reflecting a commitment to inclusion rather than just compliance.

    When in Doubt, Sort It Out

    So, what do you do with thousands of PDFs?

    • Fix the ones people still use.
    • File the ones that hold real historical value.
    • Forget the ones that no longer serve a purpose.

    ADA Title II compliance isn’t only about avoiding penalties—it’s about ensuring everyone, regardless of ability, has equal access to public information. With a clear plan and an honest look at what matters most, you can turn a daunting task into a sustainable, forward-looking strategy.

    And if your team needs help deciding where to start, 216digital can guide you—through audits, remediation, and long-term accessibility planning. Schedule an ADA briefing to chart a practical path toward compliance, clarity, and confidence.

    Greg McNeil

    October 22, 2025
    Legal Compliance
    Accessibility, accessible PDF, PDF, WCAG, Web Accessibility, Website Accessibility
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