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How to Make Websites Accessible for Cognitive Disabilities
When was the last time you visited a website and ended up completely confused? Maybe it had flashing ads, a messy layout, or awkwardly placed menus. Now, imagine dealing with this sort of frustration on almost every site you visit—because your brain processes information a bit differently. Unfortunately, that’s the daily experience for many individuals. With 13.9 percent of U.S. adults having some sort of cognitive disability, this leaves millions of Americans unable to navigate the web.

In this article, we’ll explore how cognitive disabilities affect web usage, the challenges they pose, and how you can adjust your design to be more welcoming. The good news is that creating a more inclusive website doesn’t have to be complicated. Small tweaks, like adding clear labels or allowing extra time to complete tasks, can have a massive impact. Let’s dive in!

Understanding Cognitive Disabilities

Cognitive disabilities influence how someone interprets and processes information. They can affect attention span, memory, comprehension, problem-solving skills, or social interactions. The impact varies from person to person, but there are shared themes. Some individuals may need larger text and simpler language, while others might require more time or predictable page layouts. Although these needs may differ, the core principle remains the same: clarity is key.

Generally, cognitive disabilities can be divided into two main groups:
- Functional Cognitive Disabilities: These conditions might be less severe but can still disrupt daily routines. Examples include learning disabilities, ADD/ADHD, dyslexia, or dyscalculia.
- Clinical Cognitive Disabilities: These tend to be more profound or long-term, such as autism spectrum disorder, traumatic brain injury, Down syndrome, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease. In all cases, designing websites with an emphasis on simplicity, structure, and user-friendly navigation goes a long way.
Common Types of Cognitive Disabilities and Their Effects

Each type of cognitive disability can pose different obstacles online. Here are a few examples:
- Dyslexia: Reading difficulties, especially with dense paragraphs.
- ADHD: Hard time focusing on cluttered or rapidly changing pages.
- Dyscalculia: Challenges with numeric or math-heavy tasks, such as checkout forms.
- Auditory Processing Disorder: Struggles with audio content lacking captions.
- Visual Processing Disorder: Difficulty interpreting complex visuals or layouts.
- Memory Impairments: Problems recalling steps in sequences, like multi-page forms.
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: Sensory overload triggered by certain fonts, colors, or animations.
How These Disabilities Affect Web Usage

It’s important to remember that cognitive disabilities manifest uniquely in each person. Designing with clarity and adaptability ensures a broader audience can engage more comfortably. Ordinary tasks such as ordering groceries or completing a job application become far more accessible when pages are uncluttered and navigation is logical. To achieve this, adopting user-centered methods and testing your designs can reveal hidden issues.

Key Challenges for Cognitive Accessibility

Overwhelming Cognitive Load

We’ve all seen websites that feel like a newspaper glued onto your screen—crammed text, ads, sidebars, and banners everywhere you look. Users with cognitive disabilities often struggle to pick out the key information on such pages. Even something as simple as bulleted lists or subheadings can help prevent that sense of overload.

Navigation Barriers

If you’ve ever clicked a menu and had zero idea where to go next, you know how frustrating poor navigation can be. Sites with unclear or hidden menus, inconsistent layouts, and random page names create extra hurdles for people with cognitive disabilities. Offering a straightforward menu, a search bar, and a site map will help all users feel in control.

Complex Forms and Inputs

Nobody likes forms that ask too many questions—but for people with cognitive disabilities, it’s even tougher. Vague field labels, surprise questions, and steps that rely on memory can cause confusion and mistakes. Straightforward instructions and friendly error messages can turn a chore into a breeze.

Inconsistent or Distracting Design Elements

Blinking ads, auto-refreshing slideshows, and colors that clash might grab attention, but they can also distract or confuse someone who’s trying hard to focus. Inconsistent layouts—like having the search bar in a different place on each page—can also leave users guessing. Keeping things steady and predictable is a win for all.

Time-Sensitive Tasks

You’re halfway through a form, trying to enter your address, and suddenly, you get logged out. Then you lose everything you typed. That’s annoying for anyone, but imagine if it happens often because you need more time to read or type. Flexible time limits and a warning before logging out can ease this pressure and show respect for different reading or typing speeds.

WCAG Guidelines for Cognitive Accessibility

The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) were created to help make the internet more usable for everyone—including people with disabilities. Developed by the W3C, these guidelines lay out best practices for building websites that are easier to navigate, read, and interact with. While WCAG covers a wide range of needs, it’s especially helpful when it comes to supporting people with cognitive disabilities.

For individuals who struggle with memory, attention, problem-solving, or language processing, small design choices can make a big difference. WCAG 2.2 includes updates that directly address those needs—like giving users more time to finish tasks, making instructions clearer, and cutting down on distractions that might make it hard to focus.

Think of WCAG as a toolkit that helps you build a site that’s more inclusive and user-friendly.

Tried-and-True Practices for Cognitive Accessibility

Clear, Concise Content
- Straightforward Language: Write like you’re speaking to a friend while still being professional—jargon should be explained if it’s absolutely necessary.
- Short Paragraphs and Lists: Make it easy to skim by breaking text into sections. Bullet points and short paragraphs help focus attention.
- Thoughtful Headings: Headings provide a quick roadmap of the page. They’re also handy for anyone using a screen reader to jump between sections.
- Text Alternatives: Use alt text for images and captions for video so people who struggle with visual or auditory processing can still follow along.
Straightforward Navigation
- Consistency: Keep your menus, logos, and search bar in the same spots on every page. This predictability helps people know exactly where to look.
- Descriptive Labels: Instead of a generic “Learn More,” say something like “View Our Product Line.” Users shouldn’t have to guess where a link will take them.
- Avoid Sudden Refreshes: If the page absolutely must reload or update automatically, let the user know beforehand—or give them control.
Forms That Don’t Confuse
- Explain Each Step: If the form is long or complex, provide a brief overview of why you need this info and how to fill it out.
- Group Fields Logically: Put personal info in one section, payment details in another, and label each field clearly.
- Useful Error Messages: “Invalid entry” doesn’t really help. “Please enter a valid email address” is much clearer.
- Password Manager Support: Some people can’t remember lots of usernames and passwords—avoid any code that interferes with auto-filled credentials.
Reducing Distractions
- Clean Layouts: Keep a consistent, minimal approach to layout, with important info easy to find.
- Minimal Animations: Flashing images or pop-up ads can be overwhelming, especially for people with ADHD or autism. If animation is crucial, give users a way to pause or hide it.
- Customization Options: If possible, let visitors adjust text size, contrast, or spacing so they can create a more comfortable reading environment.
Tackling Time Constraints
- Extend Session Times: If your site automatically logs people out, give them a warning and a way to keep going.
- Auto-Save: Nothing is more discouraging than losing everything after spending 15 minutes filling out a form. An auto-save feature can be a lifesaver.
- Flexible Deadlines: If a task or process has a time requirement, consider allowing extra time or offering a simple way to request it.
Helping with Memory and Task Completion
- Familiar Icons: A magnifying glass for search is universally recognized—using something obscure forces a visitor to learn new symbols.
- Progress Bars: For multi-step tasks, let users see how far they’ve come and how much is left. This can ease anxiety and keep them moving forward.
- Save Preferences: Whether it’s language settings or preferred font sizes, remember these choices so returning visitors don’t have to redo them.
Testing and Ongoing Refinements
- Automatic Tools: Programs like Google Lighthouse or WAVE can highlight accessibility problems, but they’re no substitute for real testing.
- Manual Checks: Try your site with screen readers or text-to-speech software. It might reveal a few blind spots.
- Ask Real Users: Feedback from people who live with cognitive disabilities is invaluable. They’ll notice details or problems that might slip by everyone else.
- Regular Updates: Technology and standards keep evolving. Plan a routine review of your site’s accessibility features, so you stay ahead of any issues.
Making Web Accessibility a Priority

Making a website more accessible for people with cognitive disabilities doesn’t require a complete overhaul—it starts with awareness and intentional design. When you prioritize clarity, predictability, and flexibility, you’re not just meeting the needs of some users; you’re improving usability for everyone who visits your site. Every adjustment, from a well-placed heading to a thoughtful timeout warning, can make a meaningful difference.

If you’re unsure where to start or how to move forward, 216digital is here to help. We work with businesses of all sizes to identify gaps, implement best practices, and build experiences that are truly usable—by everyone. Accessibility isn’t a one-time fix, it’s an ongoing commitment—and we’re ready to walk that path with you.
Greg McNeil

March 20, 2025

WCAG Compliance

Accessibility, cognitive disabilities, WCAG, WCAG Compliance, WCAG conformance, Website Accessibility
Getting Focused: Why Focus Order Matters for Web Accessibility
Most people never think about what it would be like to navigate a website without using their mouse. This is a reality for many users with visual or motor impairments. They rely on using other input modalities, such as the keyboard or gestures, to navigate a web page. This is where focus order comes into play.

In this post, we’ll look at what focus order is, why it’s so important, how it connects to the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), and the most common issues you’ll want to fix. Then, we’ll share a few tips on how to test and improve it on your own site.

Life Without a Mouse

Picture going through your favorite website using only your keyboard. You press Tab to jump from one link or button to another. If the focus order is set up right, you’ll move through the page in a smooth, logical sequence, usually from top to bottom. But if it’s not, you could land somewhere unexpected or miss entirely essential parts of the page.

For anyone who can’t use a mouse, a messed-up focus order often leads to frustration. Improper focus order can lead to the cursor jumping around the page illogically or preventing them from using necessary functionality.

Avoiding Common Pitfalls
1. Skipping Interactive Elements: If a link or button is not coded using the proper semantic HTML tag or does not have the correct attributes, it will not be focusable at all, and users who can’t use a mouse will be unable to interact with the element.
2. Jumping in Strange Ways: If you rely on random tabindex values or a messy HTML structure, the focus may go from the header to a random footer link before bouncing back up. That’s tough to follow.
3. Getting Trapped: Pop-ups, modals, and iframes can trap keyboard users if the code doesn’t let them tab out. People might get stuck until they refresh the page.
4. Invisible Focus: Many designers, developers, or store owners choose to hide the focus outlines for aesthetic purposes without realizing how many people rely on them to navigate the site. Without visible focus outlines, motor-impaired users have no idea which element is currently focused on or selected.
The WCAG Connection

Focus order plays a key role in meeting the standards laid out in WCAG. Some of the main ones include:
- 2.4.3 (Focus Order, Level A): Content should follow a logical order when tabbing through the page.
- 2.1.1 (Keyboard, Level A): All site functions should work with only a keyboard.
- 2.4.7 (Focus Visible, Level AA): People should see which element is active at all times.
- 2.4.11 & 2.4.12 (Focus Not Obscured, WCAG 2.2, Levels AA & AAA): The focused element has to remain visible instead of scrolling off-screen.
Meeting these criteria helps make sure your site is accessible and much easier to navigate.

Simple Tips to Get It Right
- Use the DOM Order: Write your HTML in the order you want people to move through the page. That way, you don’t have to force things with unique attributes.
- Use Correct Elements: If you have something clickable, make it a <button> or <a>. This makes it automatically focusable without extra work.
- Be Careful With tabindex: tabindex= “0” can help include an element in the natural focus sequence. tabindex= “-1” keeps something out of the normal flow but still lets you focus there with scripts. High or random values can create chaos.
- Manage Modals Properly: When a modal pops up, focus should jump into it. People should be able to tab around inside and close it without getting stuck. Once it’s closed, the focus should return to the element that opened it.
- Keep Focus Visible: If your brand style doesn’t match the default outline, customize it with a high-contrast border or box-shadow. Whatever you do, make sure people can still see where they are on the page.
Testing and Tweaking Your Site
1. Manual Testing – Put your mouse away and try tabbing through the page. Ask yourself if the order makes sense and if you can reach everything you need.
2. Browser Tools – Chrome DevTools and Firefox Accessibility Inspector can show you how each element appears in the accessibility tree, which can help you spot weird focus flows.
3. Automated Tests – Tools like WAVE and Lighthouse are helpful for flagging fundamental problems, though they won’t catch everything.
4. Real Users – If possible, ask people who rely on keyboard navigation to test your site. They’ll be the quickest to notice focus issues you might miss.
Wrapping Up

Focus order might sound like a small detail, but it’s a massive deal for those who rely on the keyboard to get around. A logical, precise tab sequence helps keep your site user-friendly, no matter who’s visiting. If you’re worried about your site’s accessibility, it’s never too late to run an audit or refresh your code.

Need extra help? Contact 216digital, where we specialize in creating accessible websites that work well for everyone. Whether you just need a quick review or a complete accessibility plan, we’re here to make your site feel welcoming for all kinds of users.
Greg McNeil

March 19, 2025

How-to Guides, WCAG Compliance

focus order, WCAG, WCAG conformance, web developers, web development
A Guide to Accessible Table Design & Development
Once upon a time, table design was web design. Before the elegance of CSS Grid or the flexibility of Flexbox, we built entire sites with <table>, <tr>, and <td> like it was second nature. They were the backbone of layout — the duct tape holding the early web together. But as web development matured, we traded layout tables for cleaner, more semantic code. Still, tables remain essential — not for layout, but for what they were truly meant to do: present data.

So, where do tables fit into modern, accessible web design? When are they appropriate, and how do we use them in a way that supports users of all abilities, including those using screen readers or keyboard navigation?

In this guide, revisit table design through a modern lens — not to reminisce about the old days of spacer GIFs and nested rows, but to examine how to use tables the right way today. Whether you’re structuring tabular data or dealing with legacy layouts, we’ll walk through practical techniques for designing and coding tables that are both functional and inclusive.

Understanding Tables in Web Design

Tables still serve a clear purpose in today’s web — when used thoughtfully. But there’s a key distinction: data tables are for presenting information, and layout tables… well, those belong in the same drawer as Netscape hacks and the blink tag. How you use them matters, especially for folks navigating with a screen reader or keyboard.

Understanding the difference is the first step toward solid, accessible table design that doesn’t leave users behind.

Data Tables

Need to show structured data like schedules, product comparisons, or sales reports? That’s what data tables were born to do. When used well, they make complex info digestible — like a well-organized spreadsheet that doesn’t make you want to flip your monitor.

Making Data Tables Accessible

Start with semantic HTML — <th> for headers, <caption> for context, and group rows and columns meaningfully. These tags are like orientation tools for assistive tech — they help users actually understand the structure, not just hear a blob of words.

Reading order is your next frontier. If your table reads like it was assembled after three espressos and a deadline, it’s time to regroup. Make sure users can follow the flow with no surprises.

And if you’re knee-deep in rowspans and colspans, it’s worth pausing to ask: “Is this actually helping, or am I just flexing?” Clean table design helps avoid this entirely.

Layout Tables

Let’s talk about the fossil in the room: layout tables. We all used them. Some of us even nested them. Some of us still wake up in cold sweats because of them.

Why They Were Used

Back in the day, if you wanted a three-column layout, you reached for a table. Pixel-perfect footer? Table. It was the best option we had — right up until CSS knocked politely and said, “I got this.”

Why It’s Time to Move On

CSS changed the game. Layout tables now clutter your markup, confuse screen readers, and break responsiveness faster than you can say “media query.” The result? A tangled mess that’s hard to debug and harder to maintain.

Golden rule: Tables for data. CSS for layout. Break this rule only under duress (or for archaeological purposes).

If you must touch layout tables, think of it less as designing a layout and more as preserving legibility. It’s a survival-style form of table design.

When You Have to Use Layout Tables

Sometimes, you inherit legacy code that’s more delicate than a house of cards. Or you’re working with a CMS that still thinks it’s 2003. When you’re stuck, the goal becomes minimizing the chaos.

Best Practices for Using Layout Tables (Responsibly)
- Skip semantic elements: Leave <th> and <caption> out. They’ll only mislead screen readers.
- Use role= "presentation": This politely tells assistive tech, “Nothing to see here — just visuals.”
- Keep content order logical: It might look fine, but hit the tab or turn on a screen reader. If it reads like a jigsaw puzzle, rework it.
- Make it responsive — sort of: You’re already doing something frowned upon. At least don’t let it collapse on mobile.
CSS to the Rescue

Need flexible, responsive, accessible layouts? CSS has your back. You’ve got two powerhouse options ready to roll.

CSS Grid Layout

CSS Grid is built for complex, two-dimensional layouts. It gives you surgical control over rows and columns without diving into the <td> abyss.

Heads-up: Keep your DOM order consistent with your visual order. Otherwise, assistive tech users will be piecing together your layout like a mystery novel.

CSS Flexbox

Flexbox handles one-dimensional layouts like a champ. Think nav bars, form groups, toolbars — anything that lines up in a row or column.

Just remember, Flexbox can reorder your layout visually, but screen readers still follow the source order. Rearranging things for aesthetics? Fine. Just don’t confuse your users while you’re at it.

Both of these tools help prevent misuse of tables and support better table design principles by removing the temptation to force non-tabular content into table markup.

Follow the Principles, Not Just the Code

Accessibility isn’t about ticking boxes — it’s about designing with real people in mind. Think about how someone actually experiences your content. No mouse. No visuals. Just structure, clarity, and flow.

If someone is using a screen reader, keyboard navigation, or sip-and-puff device, your clean CSS layout means nothing if your content order is a mess. Great table design considers these experiences from the start.

Key Guidelines from WCAG to Keep in Mind:
- Info and Relationships (1.3.1): Use markup to show how data connects. Don’t rely on appearance alone.
- Meaningful Sequence (1.3.2): Your content should flow in a way that makes sense, both visually and in the code.
Quick Recap: Best Practices
- Use tables only for tabular data — not layout, not nostalgia
- Mark up data tables semantically — <th>, <caption>, proper scope
- Use CSS (Grid or Flexbox) for layout — always
- Only use layout tables when you absolutely have no other option
- If you must use layout tables, strip out semantics and add role=" presentation"
- Don’t rely on automated tools alone — test with real assistive tech
Final Thoughts

The web’s grown a lot since the days of spacer GIFs and table-based layouts — and thankfully, so have our tools. We can build cleaner, more flexible, more inclusive sites with far less hassle than we could a decade ago.

So let’s do that. Use tables where they belong — to present data. Embrace modern CSS for everything else. And always remember: building for accessibility doesn’t slow you down. It just makes your work better.

And if you’re ever elbow-deep in a legacy layout table with seven levels of nested <tr>, know this: someone out there gets it. And they’re probably muttering “never again” right along with you — while dreaming of cleaner table design.
Greg McNeil

March 18, 2025

How-to Guides

Data tables, How-to, table design, web developers, web development
Automated Scans: The Good, the Bad, and the Gaps
Creating a truly inclusive online experience means making sure everyone can comfortably navigate and enjoy your website. If your business aims to meet accessibility guidelines like WCAG and comply with laws such as the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), you’ve probably considered automated accessibility scans as a helpful first step. Popular tools like WAVE, PowerMapper, and Google Lighthouse can swiftly highlight accessibility issues, making them a practical starting point.

But here’s the thing—automated scans aren’t magic. They typically catch only about 20-30% of accessibility problems covered by WCAG 2.1 AA, mostly basic mistakes. Many important issues need a human touch—manual testing and real judgment—to make sure your website truly serves everyone. This article breaks down what automated scans do well, where they fall short, and tackles some common misconceptions, helping you build a complete, effective approach to digital accessibility.

The Good: Why Automated Accessibility Scans Are Helpful

Automated accessibility scans offer a quick and practical way to uncover accessibility problems. Here’s why they’re so beneficial:

1. Speed and Efficiency Automated tools can quickly scan your entire website within minutes, analyzing hundreds or even thousands of pages. They’re perfect for frequent or large-scale audits without overwhelming your resources.

2. Consistent Results Unlike manual tests, automated scans apply the same criteria every time, ensuring consistent results across your entire site.

3. Budget-Friendly Initial Assessment For businesses working with tight budgets, automated scans offer an affordable way to spot common issues, helping you take immediate action without the hefty costs of comprehensive manual audits.

4. Quickly Spots Easy-to-Fix Issues Automated scans excel at identifying straightforward problems such as missing alternative text for images, insufficient color contrast, empty form labels, and poorly labeled buttons.

5. Fits Seamlessly into Development Workflows Modern accessibility tools integrate directly with your existing development processes, allowing teams to catch and fix issues early on—saving time and reducing future remediation costs.

The Bad: Limitations of Automated Scans

To avoid a false sense of security, organizations need to understand the limitations of automated scans:

1. Can’t Identify Contextual Issues Automated tools aren’t great at judging context. For example:
- Alternative Text: They detect missing alt text but can’t determine if descriptions are actually helpful.
- Keyboard Navigation: Tools may confirm elements are focusable but can’t judge ease of use.
- Form Usability: Automated scans notice if labels exist, but can’t assess how easy forms are to use.
2. Struggles with Dynamic Content Automated tools often miss dynamic and interactive content, such as:
- ARIA implementations
- Live region updates
- Changes in modal dialogs or dropdowns
3. False Positives and False Negatives Automated scans sometimes flag issues that aren’t real barriers (false positives) or overlook genuine problems (false negatives), potentially causing unnecessary work or leaving critical issues unaddressed.

4. Not a Substitute for Real User Testing Automated scans can’t replicate the experience of actual users who rely on assistive technology. Only manual testing and real user feedback can fully validate accessibility.

5. Risk of Legal Issues Relying solely on automated scans won’t guarantee full legal compliance. Courts consistently rule that automated tools alone aren’t enough, potentially exposing organizations to legal action.

The Gaps: Bridging Automation with Human Insight

To build a truly accessible website, combine automated testing with manual evaluation:

1. Mix Automated and Manual Testing A comprehensive audit should include both automated and manual methods. Automated tools give a broad initial review, while manual testing covers the usability and context these tools miss.

2. Perform Real-World Testing with Screen Readers and Keyboards Manual tests with screen readers and keyboard navigation ensure your website is practically accessible in real-world use.

3. Get Expert Audits Professional accessibility audits blend automated tools, manual testing, and real-user scenarios, uncovering hidden issues automated scans might overlook.

4. Continuously Monitor Accessibility Accessibility isn’t a one-time fix. Regular monitoring with tools like a11y.Radar helps maintain compliance even as your website evolves.

5. Educate Your Team Training your developers, designers, and content creators on accessibility best practices minimizes future issues. Automated tools should guide—not replace—human judgment.

Conclusion: Finding the Right Balance

Automated accessibility scans are fantastic for quickly identifying common issues but aren’t enough on their own. Recognizing their limitations highlights why manual testing, expert reviews, and ongoing monitoring are vital. Businesses committed to digital accessibility should adopt a balanced approach, combining automated tools with human insights to ensure truly inclusive experiences. If you’re looking for guidance or support in building this balanced approach, the experts at 216digital can help you navigate your accessibility journey. Ultimately, accessibility is about genuinely understanding and meeting real users’ needs, going beyond mere compliance.
Greg McNeil

March 17, 2025

Testing & Remediation

Accessibility, automated scans, automated testing, manual audit, Manual Testing, Web Accessibility
Coffee Shop Website Accessibility: What’s Missing?
Have you ever visited a coffee shop’s website to check their menu, order online, or see their hours? Did you feel lost because the site was confusing? Now, imagine dealing with that struggle each time you want to find your go-to latte. Or when you want to learn about a shop’s new roast. For people who rely on screen readers or have other visual impairments, that frustration can happen a lot.

Many coffee shop owners and content creators in the United States might not realize these barriers exist. Making sure everyone can move around your website without trouble is more important than you might think. In this post, I’ll point out some common obstacles and why they matter. I’ll also share how a few small changes can make a big impact.

Why Does Coffee Shop Website Accessibility Matters?

When you think about coffee shops, you might picture a warm atmosphere and friendly baristas. You might also imagine the smell of freshly brewed beans. Online, we want to capture that same welcoming feeling. By focusing on coffee shop website accessibility, we want to make sure people can order their favorite drinks. We also want them to read menu items or discover new roasts without trouble.

If a visually impaired customer struggles to find key details, they might miss out on daily deals or new seasonal drinks. They could even miss basic facts like store hours.

One often overlooked detail is how screen readers work. These tools read text out loud to users who can’t see the screen. If a website isn’t organized well, or if images don’t have good descriptions, screen reader users can miss key details. It’s crucial to keep everything labeled and clear. That could mean they never learn about your limited-edition pumpkin spice latte or your special buy-one-get-one-free deal. By making a few updates, you can share the joy of your coffee shop with everyone who visits online.

Missing Alt Text for Images

Coffee shops show off photos of their specialty drinks, pastries, and interiors. There’s nothing quite like seeing a perfectly steamed latte art design on the homepage. However, if these images don’t include a brief written description (often called “alt text”), a screen reader can’t share that info with someone who is visually impaired. That leaves them guessing what’s in the image.

What to do:
- Make sure each picture has short alt text that describes what’s shown. If you have a frothy cappuccino in a ceramic mug with a leaf design on top, write something like, “Cappuccino with leaf latte art in a white mug.”
- Keep it simple and clear. A few words can help everyone enjoy the same tasty-looking photos.
Hard-to-Read Text and Poor Contrast

Sometimes, coffee shop websites use warm and earthy color palettes to match the cozy vibe of a local café. But light brown text on a cream background can be hard for many people to read. Dark red lettering on a black background can cause the same problem.

If your text and background colors don’t have enough contrast, users might struggle to read menu items or promotions. They could also miss important contact details.

What to do:
- Pick colors with high contrast, so text stands out. You can use free online contrast-checker tools.
- Keep text large enough so visitors of all ages can comfortably read your menu and shop info. Test on a phone or tablet to see if users need to zoom in.
Unclear Headings and Structure

Have you ever looked at a website and felt lost because everything blended together? Using clear headings and labels helps both sighted users and people with screen readers navigate your site.

When your text is broken into sections like “Our Menu,” “About Us,” “Location,” and “Contact,” users can jump right where they need to go. This layout helps both sighted users and screen readers. Screen readers also rely on proper heading levels (like H1, H2, H3) to guide listeners in the right order. If headings aren’t used correctly, the page can feel disorganized for those who can’t see it.

What to do:
- Give each page a main heading (H1), then use H2s and H3s for subheadings.
- Don’t skip heading levels. Going from H1 to H3 can confuse people using screen readers.
Unlabeled or Unclear Links and Buttons

Buttons like “Order Now,” “Sign Up,” or “View Menu” should clearly say what they do. If a button only says “Click Here,” screen reader users might not know what “here” refers to. The same goes for links.

If many links are labeled “Learn More,” it’s tricky to figure out which page or product each link goes to. Users might have to guess or click blindly.

What to do:
- Use descriptive link and button text, like “Order a Latte” or “Learn About Our Pastries.”
- If you offer online ordering, label each step so people know exactly what to do next.
Forms Without Proper Labels

Some coffee shop websites have newsletter sign-up forms or contact forms for special orders. If these forms aren’t labeled well, a screen reader might say something like “edit box” instead of “email address.” That can leave users guessing what to type.

What to do:
- Label each form field clearly. For instance, use “Name” or “Email Address” so people know what goes where.
- Provide helpful error messages. If someone enters an invalid email, explain what happened and how to fix it.
Videos Without Captions or Transcripts

Video might not be the first thing that comes to mind for a coffee shop website. Still, some shops post video tours, latte art tutorials, or interviews with the barista. If these don’t have captions or transcripts, users who are deaf or hard of hearing could feel left out. Good website accessibility means making the site easy for everyone, not just folks with vision challenges.

What to do:
- Add captions to your videos or provide a simple transcript. This helps anyone who can’t hear or who’s watching in a quiet place (or a super noisy one).
How to Get Started

Improving coffee shop website accessibility doesn’t have to be complicated. You can start by using free online tools that scan your pages and highlight issues like missing alt text or low contrast. It also helps to ask a few friends or loyal customers to test your site and tell you what works and what doesn’t.

If you find bigger problems, think about working with a web developer who understands website accessibility. They can guide you through changes and help you meet standards commonly used in the United States. Even small fixes can create a smoother online experience for everyone, from a busy parent ordering pastries for the weekend to a coffee enthusiast searching for a new blend to try.

A Warm Welcome, On and Offline

When people walk through your coffee shop’s door, you greet them with a smile. Why not do the same online? A website that’s easy to use creates that same feeling of warmth and belonging. Whether someone’s checking your menu for gluten-free treats, ordering a bag of beans for home, or simply browsing the specials, clear labels and good navigation make them feel included.

By focusing on coffee shop website accessibility, you open your digital doors to everyone. It’s a great way to build community, grow your business, and show off what makes your café special. After all, everyone deserves to enjoy that perfect cup of coffee—no matter how they get there.

If you’re ready to make your coffee shop’s website more accessible but aren’t sure where to start, 216digital can help. We specialize in website accessibility solutions tailored to small businesses, making sure your site is welcoming for everyone. Let’s work together to create a seamless online experience—just like the one you offer in your shop.
Greg McNeil

March 14, 2025

How-to Guides, WCAG Compliance

Accessibility, coffee shop, forms, Image Alt Text, videos and audio content, Web Accessibility
Keyboard Accessibility: A Guide for Web Developers
Think about the last time you visited a website with a complex menu or a long list of links. If you tried navigating without a mouse—maybe because you found it faster to use the Tab key—you might have encountered invisible outlines, a random tab order, or even getting stuck in a popup with no clear way out. These problems highlight why keyboard accessibility is essential.

When websites are built so that every button, link, and form field is accessible via keyboard, it becomes easier for everyone to navigate and complete tasks.

What Is Keyboard Accessibility?

At its core, keyboard accessibility ensures that everything on a website can be reached and used without a mouse. This is crucial for people with motor impairments who rely on keyboards or assistive devices, as well as users with visual impairments who navigate with screen readers. Even power users benefit, often finding keyboard shortcuts and navigation faster than using a mouse.

Beyond improving usability, proper keyboard accessibility leads to better-organized code and a more logical page structure—benefits that search engines reward with better SEO rankings. Simply put, improving keyboard accessibility benefits both users and website owners. However, achieving it comes with challenges.

Common Keyboard Accessibility Challenges

Despite its importance, keyboard accessibility is often overlooked. Many websites suffer from poor focus visibility, illogical tab orders, and keyboard traps that frustrate users. Addressing these pitfalls is key to creating a smooth, user-friendly experience.

Below are three of the most common keyboard accessibility issues—and how to fix them.

1. Designing Effective Focus Indicators

Focus indicators visually highlight which element is currently selected when navigating with a keyboard. They help users track their position as they move through a webpage using the Tab key.

Why Focus Indicators Matter

Imagine navigating a website solely by keyboard. If you press Tab but can’t see where you are because the focus highlight is too faint—or missing altogether—you’re left guessing. This creates confusion and frustration. Clear, high-contrast focus indicators ensure users always know where they are on the page.

Best Practices for Focus Indicators
- Outline thickness: At least 2 CSS pixels
- Outline offset: Keep at least 2 CSS pixels between the outline and the element’s edge
- Contrast ratio: A minimum of 3:1 between the focus indicator and the background
Understanding the :focus-visible Pseudo-Class

The :focus selector applies styles whenever an element gains focus, including when it’s clicked with a mouse. But :focus-visible applies focus styles only when an element is navigated via keyboard, keeping the interface clean for mouse users while ensuring keyboard users get clear visual cues.

Example:
```
*:focus-visible {
  border: 2px solid black; /* Ensure noticeable contrast */
  outline-offset: 2px;
}
```
2. Maintaining a Logical Navigation Order

Users navigate websites sequentially using the Tab key. The focus order should match the visual layout to avoid confusion. A mismatch disrupts the browsing experience, making it difficult for users to predict what comes next.

Tips for Logical Navigation
- Use proper HTML structure: Semantic elements like headers (<h1> – <h6>), lists, and landmarks guide screen readers and browsers to interpret content correctly.
- Avoid positive tabindex values: Manually setting a positive tabindex can force elements into an unnatural order, leading to confusion.
- Provide “Skip to Main Content” links: These allow users to bypass repetitive navigation and jump straight to the main content.
- Beware of keyboard traps: Ensure users can always navigate away from popups, modals, or embedded elements using only the keyboard.
3. Proper tabindex Implementation

The tabindex attribute controls how elements receive focus. While useful in some cases, it’s often misused.

What tabindex Does
- tabindex="0": Inserts the element into the default tab order based on its position in the DOM. Ideal for custom interactive elements like <div> buttons.
- tabindex="-1": Removes an element from sequential keyboard navigation but allows focus via scripting. Useful for modals or hidden elements.
- Positive values (e.g., tabindex="1"): Best avoided, as forcing a custom order can break the expected tab sequence and frustrate users.
Best Practices
- Use semantic HTML (<button>, <a>), which is naturally keyboard-accessible.
- Avoid adding tabindex to non-interactive elements like text or static images.
- Use negative tabindex for hidden or modal content that should only receive focus under certain conditions.
- Stick to the natural tab order whenever possible—custom focus orders should be a last resort.
Testing Your Website’s Keyboard Accessibility

Even with best practices in place, testing is essential to catch issues before they impact users. A combination of manual and automated testing provides the most reliable results.

Manual Testing
- Navigate using only a keyboard: Use the Tab key to move through all interactive elements. Press Enter (or Space) to activate buttons and links.
- Check focus visibility: Ensure focus indicators are always clear and meet contrast requirements.
- Verify logical tab order: Does the sequence make sense based on how someone would naturally read or navigate your page?
- Watch for keyboard traps: Ensure modals, dropdowns, and embedded content allow users to navigate away freely.
Automated Testing Tools

Browser-Based Tools
- Firefox Accessibility Inspector: Displays how the browser interprets focusable elements.
- Chrome DevTools (Accessibility Panel): Helps analyze the site’s structure.
- WAVE Evaluation Tool: Flags potential accessibility issues directly in the browser.
While these tools are powerful, nothing replaces real user feedback. Testing with people who rely on keyboard navigation often reveals hidden issues automated tools miss.

Conclusion

Keyboard accessibility is a fundamental part of inclusive web design. Making sure users can navigate your site without a mouse ensures better usability for everyone—including people with disabilities who rely on keyboard navigation. Plus, it improves SEO, usability, and compliance, making it a win-win for both users and businesses.

The best practices covered here—such as customizing focus indicators, maintaining a logical tab order, and using tabindex responsibly—are essential steps toward a more accessible website. Regular testing, both manual and automated, helps ensure your site meets WCAG guidelines and delivers a smooth experience for all users.

For expert guidance, consider working with accessibility professionals like 216digital. Specialists can help you implement strategies that go beyond basic compliance, ensuring long-term usability and inclusivity. When you prioritize keyboard accessibility, you create a more welcoming web for everyone—and that’s a goal worth striving for.
Greg McNeil

March 13, 2025

How-to Guides

Accessibility, keyboard accessibility, Keyboard Navigation, tabindex, Web Accessibility, web developers, web development
Will the EAA Really Affect U.S. Businesses?
If you’re a U.S.-based e-commerce entrepreneur, website owner, or digital compliance professional, you’ve probably heard of the European Accessibility Act (EAA). This legislation aims to standardize accessibility requirements across the European Union (EU), impacting everything from e-commerce and banking to transportation. At first glance, it may seem like yet another global regulation lurking on the horizon. But here’s the good news: for most U.S. businesses, the EAA is far less of a legal threat than you might think.

While there’s been chatter that EAA-related fines could reach American shores, practical realities—like jurisdiction limits and the complexities of cross-border enforcement—mean it’s unlikely to affect you unless you have a substantial European footprint. Still, that doesn’t mean you should shrug off accessibility. Stateside, legal obligations are mounting quickly, and both federal and state-level regulations on web accessibility are gaining traction. In fact, ADA lawsuits connected to digital accessibility are soaring, putting genuine pressure on U.S. businesses to ensure inclusivity.

In this article, we’ll take a closer look at why the EAA probably won’t keep you up at night if you’re mostly serving U.S. customers. We’ll also explore why your real focus should stay on meeting domestic accessibility requirements—and how investing in accessibility can not only protect you from legal headaches but also help you reach new customers.

The EAA and Its Scope

At its core, the EAA is designed to make sure products and services in the EU are accessible to people with disabilities. Think of it as a catch-all that covers a wide range of areas, including:
- Websites and Mobile Apps: E-commerce sites and other digital platforms should be compatible with assistive technologies like screen readers, offering clear, user-friendly layouts.
- Financial Services: Online banking platforms must be workable for people with visual, mobility, or other impairments.
- Transportation Services: Booking and ticketing systems should be built with inclusive design principles in mind.
Although these rules zero in on European markets, any company that aggressively sells to EU residents might need to comply. The bottom line: if you’re physically located in the EU or do a significant amount of business there, you’re on the EAA’s radar. But if you’re a small U.S. boutique that only very occasionally ships overseas, the likelihood of direct EAA enforcement is pretty slim.

Application to U.S. Businesses

Let’s say you’re a U.S.-based e-commerce owner who sells mostly to Americans. The odds are that you won’t need to stress about the EAA in a strict sense. If 95% of your customers are stateside, EU regulators won’t have much reason to come knocking. On the other hand, if you’ve set up localized sites for different European countries, handle EU shipping logistics, or run targeted campaigns in Europe, then yes, the EAA becomes more relevant.

In short, the EAA matters most to companies that are genuinely active in Europe. If that’s not you, you can breathe a little easier—but remember that web accessibility is still a big deal in the U.S.

The Limited Reach of EAA Enforcement in the U.S.

Cross-Border E-Commerce Engagement

One of the main reasons the EAA might not impact smaller American businesses is the nature of cross-border e-commerce itself. While online selling is global in principle, a lot of U.S. companies still cater primarily to domestic buyers. In fact, about 25% of North American e-commerce is cross-border; that leaves 75% as local, and a stronger domestic focus typically means lower risk of EU regulatory scrutiny.

If you’re not set up for international shipping or don’t localize your site for EU customers, you’re even less likely to get attention from European authorities. An occasional European sale here or there usually won’t land you under the EAA umbrella.

Challenges in International Enforcement

The EU can’t just wave a wand to enforce its laws on businesses located in other countries; it needs legal jurisdiction and international cooperation. Historically, European regulators tend to target bigger players—those with a notable EU presence and significant resources—rather than chasing smaller American businesses that ship an item or two overseas.

Potential Business Responses

Some companies respond to foreign regulations like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) by blocking traffic from EU regions altogether. While that certainly sidesteps EAA compliance, it also shuts the door on potential European customers. Another approach is adopting accessibility best practices proactively. Even if you never hear from EU regulators, making your site inclusive can keep you safe from domestic lawsuits and win you new fans at home and abroad.

Why EAA Compliance May Not Be a Top Priority for U.S. Regulators

GDPR Enforcement as a Precedent

When the GDPR went live in 2018, a lot of U.S. businesses scrambled to post cookie consent banners or even block European visitors. Over time, though, we saw that heavy fines usually targeted giants like Meta and Google—companies that clearly operate in the EU. Most smaller U.S. entities, especially those without a European presence, didn’t face the same scrutiny.

The EAA will follow a similar pattern. Regulators will focus first on the big fish: major corporations that do a lot of business in Europe. If you’re not among them, your risk goes down considerably.

Focus on EU-Based Entities

Enforcement agencies work most effectively with entities physically or legally based in the EU. If you’re a mid-size American seller without any EU office or significant European operations, you’re unlikely to draw regulator attention. This doesn’t mean zero risk—it just means the probability is low compared to the very real possibility of an ADA lawsuit in the U.S.

The Real Risk: U.S. Web Accessibility Laws & State-Level Legislation

ADA and Web Accessibility Lawsuits

While the EAA might sound intimidating, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is the real concern for many U.S. businesses. In 2023 alone, over 4,600 ADA-related web accessibility lawsuits were filed in the U.S., most notably in states such as New York, Florida, and California.

These lawsuits often ask questions like:
- Is your website easily navigable with a screen reader?
- Do you have captions for your videos?
- Can users complete a purchase using only a keyboard?
Lacking these features can land you in hot water, resulting in demand letters, lawsuits, and potentially hefty legal costs. Even if you avoid a lawsuit, states like California and New York are increasingly pushing for stricter rules around digital accessibility. If you have customers in these states, you can’t afford to ignore these developments.

The Imperative of Web Accessibility

Accessibility is more than a legal shield—it’s also good business. Almost one in four adults in the U.S. lives with some form of disability, which means making your website inclusive can significantly broaden your audience. On top of that, accessible sites often provide a smoother overall user experience and align well with search engine optimization (SEO) best practices.

Focus on What Really Matters for U.S. Businesses

The EAA is critical for businesses with a genuine stake in EU markets, but if your customer base is mostly American, the EAA probably won’t become your biggest legal headache anytime soon. EU regulators usually set their sights on larger players with a visible European footprint, so a small U.S. business with minimal European sales isn’t high on their list.

Prioritizing Domestic Compliance

Instead of stressing over the EAA, channel your energy into meeting domestic accessibility standards. ADA lawsuits and state-level rules in the U.S. are ramping up, and that’s where your real vulnerability lies. By aligning with ADA guidelines and the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), you minimize the risk of legal trouble here at home.

Benefits of Accessibility

Beyond reducing legal risks, accessibility has plenty of other perks:
- Better User Experience: A clean, inclusive layout helps everyone.
- Bigger Audience: You’ll welcome people with disabilities, which is a sizable market segment.
- Stronger Brand Reputation: Consumers appreciate businesses that take inclusivity seriously.
- SEO Boost: Search engines favor structured, easy-to-navigate websites.
Protect Your Business Where It Counts Most

It’s easy to feel overwhelmed by headlines about the EAA and worry that European regulators might suddenly target American businesses. However, realistically, their enforcement focus is primarily on companies with strong ties to the EU. If you’re mostly selling to an American audience, the European Accessibility Act shouldn’t keep you up at night.

Instead, put your energy where it matters most—your website’s domestic accessibility. ADA compliance is not just about avoiding lawsuits; it’s an opportunity to connect with a broader audience and build a more inclusive, trustworthy brand.

If you’re unsure where to start or want to ensure your business is fully protected and accessible, reach out to our team at 216digital. Our experts will help you identify your accessibility gaps, guide you through compliance, and ensure your site delivers an inclusive experience for everyone.

Don’t wait until accessibility becomes an emergency—contact 216digital today and get ahead of the curve.
Greg McNeil

March 12, 2025

Legal Compliance

Accessibility, accessibility laws, EAA, European Accessibility Act, Legal compliance, Web Accessibility, Website Accessibility
How to Make Mega Menus More Accessible
A mega menu is typically a large, two-dimensional panel that appears when a user interacts with a top-level navigation item. It’s often used by eCommerce stores or websites with many different product categories or content sections. Because it can display a wide variety of links in a single view, a mega menu helps visitors explore your site quickly—no endless drilling down into submenus.

But here’s the catch: while mega menus make navigation simpler for many users, they can also create barriers for some. For example, hover-triggered mega menus might be useless for someone relying on a keyboard. Or, if the menu isn’t properly labeled, a screen reader user might get stuck in a confusing loop of unlabeled links.

These barriers matter because web accessibility is not just about following rules—it’s about ensuring everyone can use your site. If you leave people out, you risk alienating customers who want to purchase your products or read your content. So, let’s dive into some common accessibility issues and how to fix them.

Overcoming Common Accessibility Challenges

Improving Hover Functionality

Most mega menus open when you hover your mouse over the navigation item. However, hover-based menus can cause big problems for keyboard users (or anyone who can’t use a mouse).
- Inaccessible for Keyboard Users: People who navigate with the keyboard use the Tab key to move from link to link. If a menu only opens on hover, these users can’t open the submenu.
- Overly Sensitive Interactions: Sometimes, mega menus can pop open or shut at the slightest movement of your mouse. This makes them frustrating to use for everyone.
- The “Diagonal Problem”: If you move the mouse at an angle, you can sometimes trigger submenus you didn’t intend to open.
Best Practice: Use a click to open the submenus instead of relying on hover. This way, both mouse and keyboard users have a more predictable experience. A click is a clearer signal of intention, reducing accidental openings or closings.

Making Menus Easy to Close

A menu that’s hard to dismiss can trap users, especially if it covers a large portion of the screen. On the other hand, a menu that closes too quickly can frustrate users who accidentally hover away for a split second.

Solutions:
1. Escape Key Support: Let users close the menu by pressing the Escape key. This is a standard expectation in many UI patterns and helps keyboard users exit quickly.
2. Delayed Closing: If you decide to keep some hover functionality, add a slight delay before the submenu disappears. This grace period prevents the menu from closing by mistake if a user’s pointer drifts outside the panel for a moment.
Enhancing Keyboard Accessibility

Logical Keyboard Navigation

Keyboard navigation is a critical part of web accessibility. You want the user’s Tab key presses to move in a clear, intuitive order:
1. First Tab: Highlight the first top-level navigation item.
2. Enter Key: If the focused top-level item has a submenu, pressing Enter opens that submenu. Pressing Enter again on any submenu item activates the link.
3. Tab Within a Submenu: Moves focus to the next item in the submenu.
4. Escape Key: Closes the submenu and returns focus to the parent menu item.
5. Shift + Tab: Moves backward through the items, letting users navigate in reverse.
This logical flow ensures that people who rely on the keyboard won’t get lost or stuck.

Providing Clear Focus Indicators

When users press Tab, they should be able to see exactly which menu item is highlighted. This means using visible focus indicators:
- A change in background color, an underline, or a bold outline helps users quickly spot the focused item.
- Make sure the color contrast meets accessibility guidelines. Avoid using color alone—some users might not see color differences clearly. An underline or border is a more reliable visual cue.
Optimizing Screen Reader Support with ARIA

Choosing the Right ARIA Roles

Using role= "menu" for all navigation is a common mistake introduced in development. This role should only be used if your navigation behaves like a desktop application menu. For most website mega menus, it’s better to use simpler roles.

Recommended roles and attributes:
- role= "navigation": Declares that this section is a navigation landmark, which helps screen reader users quickly find or skip it.
- role= "menuitem": If you have interactive items that function like menu items (though for basic links, standard <a> elements might be enough).
- aria-haspopup= "true": Indicates that a button or link has a submenu.
- aria-expanded= "false": Tells screen readers if a section is closed. Switch it to true when the submenu opens.
Labeling and Describing Elements Properly

Screen readers need helpful labels to convey what the link or button does. If your button opens a “Products” submenu, label it clearly:
- Use aria-label= "Products Menu" or aria-labelledby=" [ID_of_label]" to associate a descriptive label with the menu.
- Provide descriptive link text. Instead of “Click here,” use something like “View our latest products.” This helps all users know exactly where the link leads.
Implementing Accessible Mega Menus with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript

Using Semantic HTML for Proper Structure

Below is a simple example showing how to structure an accessible mega menu:
```
<nav aria-label= "Main Menu">
  <ul>
    <li><a href="#">Home</a></li>
    <li>
      <button aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Products</button>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#">Product 1</a></li>
        <li><a href="#">Product 2</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
  </ul>
</nav>
```
Here’s why this works:
- <nav aria-label= "Main Menu">: The <nav> element is a semantic way to mark the navigation area. The aria-label helps screen readers identify it.
- <button> vs. <a>: Using a button for expandable menus is more accessible because it’s an interactive element by default and can easily handle the aria-expanded state.
- aria-expanded: Indicates whether the submenu is open or closed (true or false).
Styling Menus for Visibility & Interaction

Accessible styling goes beyond making things “look nice.” It ensures that focus states are clear. For instance:
```
nav button:focus {
  outline: 2px solid #005ea2;
  background-color: #f1f1f1;
}
nav ul ul {
  display: none;
}
nav button[aria-expanded="true"] + ul {
  display: block;
}
```
- The outline property and background-color change help users see the focused button.
- By default, submenus are hidden (display: none).
- When aria-expanded= "true", the submenu appears (display: block).
Enhancing Usability with JavaScript

A small amount of JavaScript can make your menus more accessible. Here’s how you can toggle the aria-expanded attribute:
```
document.querySelectorAll('nav button[aria-haspopup]').forEach(button => {
  button.addEventListener('click', () => {
    const expanded = button.getAttribute('aria-expanded') === 'true';
    button.setAttribute('aria-expanded', !expanded);
  });
});
```
- This code finds every button with aria-haspopup.
- When clicked, it checks if aria-expanded is currently true, then toggles it.
- This prevents menus from randomly opening on hover and gives users control.
Accessible Navigation Is an Ongoing Commitment

Building an accessible mega menu isn’t a one-and-done project. It takes careful planning, coding, and constant testing to make sure all users can move through your site with ease. However, the payoff is huge: better usability for everyone, including people with temporary or permanent disabilities, and compliance with accessibility standards like WCAG.

Remember, accessibility benefits everyone. Even a user with a short-term injury or someone on a small mobile device can benefit from keyboard-friendly and screen-reader-friendly menus. By making small changes to HTML, CSS, ARIA attributes, and JavaScript, you can open up your site to a larger audience and provide a smoother experience for all.

If you need expert guidance on web accessibility or want a thorough audit of your online store, 216digital can help. We specialize in creating inclusive, user-friendly experiences that keep your customers coming back and keep your website on the cutting edge of accessibility best practices. Don’t let your mega menus become mega barriers—start making them accessible today!
Greg McNeil

March 11, 2025

How-to Guides

Accessibility, accessible code, How-to, mega menu, web developers, web development, Website Accessibility

Captions or Subtitles: What’s the Difference?

You’ve probably used them without a second thought—watching a movie in another language, scrolling social media with the sound off, or trying to follow dialogue in a noisy room. But have you ever noticed that sometimes the text includes sound effects and speaker names, while other times it’s just the spoken words?

It’s easy to assume captions and subtitles are the same, but they serve different purposes. If you’ve ever struggled to keep up with fast dialogue or wished for more context in a quiet scene, you’ve already experienced the difference—maybe without even realizing it.

So, what really sets them apart, and why does it matter? Let’s break it down.

What Are Captions?

Captions do more than just show dialogue—they make videos accessible for people who are deaf or hard of hearing. They include spoken words and crucial audio cues such as background noises, tone changes, and speaker identifications.

Additionally, captions help content creators comply with important accessibility guidelines like the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and Section 508.

Types of Captions

Closed Captions (CC) give viewers control to switch captions on or off and even adjust their appearance. Think YouTube, Netflix, or Zoom.

Open Captions stay visible all the time. They’re perfect for social media videos, events, or public places where you can’t rely on viewers to activate captions themselves.

What Are Subtitles?

Subtitles primarily translate spoken words into another language for viewers who can hear but might not understand what’s being said. Unlike captions, subtitles typically skip audio cues and speaker names. They’re great for international movies or videos aimed at a global audience.

Subtitles vs. Captions: Key Differences

Features	Captions	Subtitles
Purpose	Accessibility for Deaf/ Hard-of-hearing	Language Translation
Includes Sound Effects?	Yes	No
Speaker Identification?	Yes	No
Non-verbal Audio Cues?	Yes	No
Assumes Viewer Can Hear?	No	Yes

Why Are Captions Important for Web Accessibility?

Captions create truly inclusive content accessible to everyone. Beyond meeting legal requirements, captions help businesses avoid compliance risks and potential lawsuits.

But captions have benefits beyond compliance—they boost SEO by enabling search engines to index your video content effectively. They enhance viewer engagement, especially in quiet or noisy environments, and help non-native speakers follow along more easily, improving comprehension and retention.

Open vs. Closed Captions: Which Should You Use?

Choosing between open and closed captions depends on your content and audience.

Open Captions are excellent for social media, live events, and public displays, where activating captions isn’t practical. They ensure every viewer can immediately access your message without additional steps.

Closed Captions are ideal for platforms like YouTube or Netflix, where viewers prefer customizing their caption viewing experience. They’re also essential for educational videos, multilingual content, or professional presentations, where accuracy and personalization enhance viewer experience.

How to Add Captions to Your Digital Content

Adding captions can be straightforward, whether you choose manual or automated methods.

Manual captioning involves creating captions yourself or with professional tools like Adobe Premiere Pro or YouTube Studio. This ensures accuracy and is highly recommended for educational and professional content.

Automatic captioning services like YouTube auto-captions or platforms such as Rev.com provide quick results but may vary in accuracy. Always review and correct auto-generated captions to maintain quality and compliance.

Understanding caption file formats is also beneficial. Popular formats include SRT (.srt), widely compatible across platforms like YouTube and Vimeo, and VTT (.vtt), ideal for web-based videos with additional formatting options.

How to Add Captions

Create or auto-generate captions.
Review and edit carefully for accuracy.
Export the appropriate caption file.
Upload the caption file to your video platform

Best Practices for Creating Accessible Captions

Prioritize Accuracy: Always proofread and edit captions.
Ensure Readability: Choose clear fonts and ensure strong contrast.
Be Concise and Clear: Keep captions brief but sufficient to communicate context.
Clearly Identify Speakers: Use identifiers like [John]: to clarify speakers.
Strategically Place Captions: Position captions without blocking essential visuals, typically at the bottom of the screen.

Captions & Subtitles: Enhancing Your Content

Captions and subtitles aren’t merely text overlays—they enhance viewer experiences, improve accessibility, and expand your content’s reach. By captioning thoughtfully, you’re making your videos richer and more inclusive.

Looking to improve accessibility on your website? At 216digital, we’re ready to help. Reach out via our contact form below and schedule an ADA briefing. Let’s explore how we can elevate your digital presence and engagement together.

Greg McNeil

March 10, 2025

WCAG Compliance

Accessibility, captions, Closed caption, subtitles, videos and audio content, WCAG, WCAG Compliance, Web Accessibility

The Key to Compliance? Continuous Accessibility

When businesses think about web accessibility, many assume it’s a one-and-done task—an issue to be resolved, checked off a list and forgotten. However, true accessibility is an ongoing process that requires regular updates, monitoring, and proactive improvements. Without continuous accessibility efforts, websites can quickly fall out of compliance, leading to legal risks, increased remediation costs, and a frustrating experience for users with disabilities.

For businesses looking to stay ahead, the key to compliance isn’t a single fix—it’s a long-term commitment to digital inclusion.

Why Accessibility Can’t Be a One-and-Done Project

Legal Landscape is Always Changing

The number of digital accessibility lawsuits continues to rise year after year. In 2024 alone, over 4,000 lawsuits were filed, and more than 78,000 demand letters were sent in 2022—an average of over 1,500 per week. These legal challenges highlight the growing expectation for businesses to maintain accessible digital spaces.

At the same time, accessibility regulations continue to evolve. Updates to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) introduce new requirements that organizations must meet. A website that was compliant last year may not meet the latest standards today. Without continuous accessibility, even well-intentioned businesses can fall out of compliance, increasing the risk of legal action. Keeping up with regulatory changes through ongoing monitoring ensures that your website remains accessible and legally protected.

Technology and Websites Constantly Change

Websites rarely stay the same for long. New products, services, or design changes can quickly introduce barriers if they’re not tested for accessibility. A single line of new code could break an important accessibility feature. That’s why continuous accessibility involves regularly testing your site. You’ll spot problems early, fix them, and keep your site usable for everyone.

Business Risks of Treating Accessibility as a One-Time Fix

Increased Legal Vulnerability

If you ignore continuous accessibility, you open yourself up to legal issues. A website that doesn’t maintain ongoing compliance will have more accessibility gaps. These gaps can lead to lawsuits or demand letters. And once you’re in legal trouble, you’ll face tight deadlines to fix problems. This rushed work disrupts your team and can become very expensive. On the other hand, a business that practices continuous accessibility can stay ahead of potential lawsuits by showing it takes compliance seriously.

Cost of Reactive Fixes vs. Proactive Maintenance

Fixing problems under legal pressure can cost far more than addressing them early. When you wait until someone files a lawsuit or sends a demand letter, you don’t have time to plan your budget or workload. With continuous accessibility, you can schedule regular checks and fixes. You stay in control of your spending and protect your bottom line by avoiding big surprises.

Loss of Control Over Your Development Roadmap

If you get sued for an inaccessible website, you may be forced to pause other important projects in order to fix issues quickly. This can mean cutting back on marketing campaigns, product launches, or site improvements. When you adopt continuous accessibility, you maintain control over your development roadmap. You never have to rush or sacrifice other work because accessibility is always part of your process.

The Competitive Advantage of Continuous Accessibility

Expanding Market Reach

Accessibility is not just about meeting legal rules—it’s also about reaching more people. Many individuals with disabilities rely on websites that meet their needs. By focusing on continuous accessibility, you’re opening your site to a wider audience. In fact, 85% of businesses report that accessibility gives them a competitive edge. When your website is easy to use for everyone, you win more customers and build loyalty.

Stronger Brand Reputation & Customer Loyalty

People notice when a website welcomes them with clear navigation, captions, and other accessible features. A commitment to continuous accessibility tells the world you care about every user’s experience. That’s a message that builds goodwill. Not only does it help people with disabilities, but it also creates a simpler, more direct experience for all visitors. Happier customers are more likely to return and recommend your brand to others.

How to Sustainably Maintain Digital Accessibility

Implementing an Ongoing Monitoring Solution

Your accessibility work should not stop after an initial audit. You need to track your site’s status in real-time. Automated testing tools and manual reviews can show if any new barriers appear. For instance, a11y.Radar by 216digital offers a real-time monitoring and compliance tracking system. This solution is designed to help you practice continuous accessibility without it feeling burdensome. When an issue appears, you can fix it right away, long before it becomes a bigger problem or legal headache.

Accessibility Training & Organizational Buy-In

Many accessibility problems happen because teams don’t know how to avoid them. If developers, designers, and content creators are not trained in best practices, problems sneak in during everyday tasks. That’s why continuous accessibility relies on ongoing training. Encourage your staff to learn about accessible coding, design, and content rules. When everyone sees accessibility as part of their job, it’s easier to maintain compliance over time

.

Partnering with Experts for Long-Term Success

You don’t have to handle accessibility on your own. Working with a team of experts can ease your workload and calm any fears you might have. A trusted partner stays updated on changing rules and new technology. They guide you in making smart choices about your site’s structure and features. By collaborating with experts, continuous accessibility becomes a manageable task rather than a giant project. You keep your site welcoming and compliant without excessive effort.

Future-Proof Your Website with Continuous Accessibility

Accessibility isn’t a one-time box to check off. It’s an ongoing journey that requires regular care and attention. By embracing continuous accessibility, you protect your business from lawsuits, manage your budget more effectively, and reach a broader audience. You also build a reputation for being inclusive, which makes users feel valued and keeps them coming back.

If your business has already taken the first steps with a web remediation project, don’t stop there. Make sure your site stays compliant by practicing continuous accessibility as part of your standard workflow. You will save money, avoid risks, and serve a diverse group of people who might otherwise be left out.

At 216digital, we understand that continuous accessibility may sound daunting. That’s why we offer expertise and tools like a11y.Radar, a real-time monitoring solution. Together, we can keep your site compliant and user-friendly. It’s time to future-proof your website, protect your brand, and ensure a better online experience for everyone. Because when you invest in continuous accessibility, you invest in long-term success—both for your business and for the people who depend on it.

Greg McNeil

March 7, 2025

Web Accessibility Monitoring

Accessibility, Accessibility monitoring, ADA Compliance, web accessibility monitoring, Website Accessibility

Understanding Cognitive Disabilities

Common Types of Cognitive Disabilities and Their Effects

How These Disabilities Affect Web Usage

Key Challenges for Cognitive Accessibility

Overwhelming Cognitive Load

Navigation Barriers

Complex Forms and Inputs

Inconsistent or Distracting Design Elements

Time-Sensitive Tasks

WCAG Guidelines for Cognitive Accessibility

Tried-and-True Practices for Cognitive Accessibility

Clear, Concise Content

Straightforward Navigation

Forms That Don’t Confuse

Reducing Distractions

Tackling Time Constraints

Helping with Memory and Task Completion

Testing and Ongoing Refinements

Making Web Accessibility a Priority

Life Without a Mouse

Avoiding Common Pitfalls

The WCAG Connection

Simple Tips to Get It Right

Testing and Tweaking Your Site

Wrapping Up

Understanding Tables in Web Design

Data Tables

Making Data Tables Accessible

Layout Tables

Why They Were Used

Why It’s Time to Move On

When You Have to Use Layout Tables

Best Practices for Using Layout Tables (Responsibly)

CSS to the Rescue

CSS Grid Layout

CSS Flexbox

Follow the Principles, Not Just the Code

Key Guidelines from WCAG to Keep in Mind:

Quick Recap: Best Practices

Final Thoughts

The Good: Why Automated Accessibility Scans Are Helpful

The Bad: Limitations of Automated Scans

The Gaps: Bridging Automation with Human Insight

Conclusion: Finding the Right Balance

Why Does Coffee Shop Website Accessibility Matters?

Missing Alt Text for Images

Hard-to-Read Text and Poor Contrast

Unclear Headings and Structure

Unlabeled or Unclear Links and Buttons

Forms Without Proper Labels

Videos Without Captions or Transcripts

How to Get Started

A Warm Welcome, On and Offline

What Is Keyboard Accessibility?

Common Keyboard Accessibility Challenges

1. Designing Effective Focus Indicators

Why Focus Indicators Matter

Best Practices for Focus Indicators

Understanding the :focus-visible Pseudo-Class

2. Maintaining a Logical Navigation Order

Tips for Logical Navigation

3. Proper tabindex Implementation

What tabindex Does

Best Practices

Testing Your Website’s Keyboard Accessibility

Manual Testing

Automated Testing Tools

Browser-Based Tools

Conclusion

The EAA and Its Scope

Application to U.S. Businesses

The Limited Reach of EAA Enforcement in the U.S.

Cross-Border E-Commerce Engagement

Challenges in International Enforcement

Potential Business Responses

Why EAA Compliance May Not Be a Top Priority for U.S. Regulators

GDPR Enforcement as a Precedent

Focus on EU-Based Entities

The Real Risk: U.S. Web Accessibility Laws & State-Level Legislation

ADA and Web Accessibility Lawsuits

Understanding the `:focus-visible` Pseudo-Class

3. Proper `tabindex` Implementation