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  • Everything on Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA)

    Did you know that one in five Ontarians has a disability? This means that a large segment of the population faces barriers many of us rarely consider—especially when going online. For businesses and website owners, ignoring accessibility can shut out customers who want your products or services but can’t navigate your site with ease. Creating an accessible experience isn’t just good practice; in Ontario, it’s also the law.

    Ontario’s Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA) was introduced in 2005 to help reduce and remove barriers for people with disabilities. Many businesses still fall short of meeting AODA requirements, even though compliance is mandatory. This article will clarify key regulations under the AODA, explain why it matters, and offer actionable steps to ensure your website is accessible. By the end, you’ll feel more confident in your ability to meet these legal and ethical obligations.

    A Quick Overview: What Is the AODA?

    The Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA) is a landmark law passed in 2005. It sets out rules to make everyday life better for people with disabilities in Ontario. While the AODA covers physical spaces, such as ensuring ramps and wide aisles, it also applies to digital properties. In other words, your website, apps, and online documents fall under its scope.

    By focusing on technology as well as brick-and-mortar locations, the AODA aims to provide equal access to everyone—whether they’re using a wheelchair, a screen reader, or any other assistive device.

    Why was the AODA Needed?

    Before the AODA became law, the Ontarians with Disabilities Act (ODA) tried to address similar issues. Passed in 2001, the ODA mainly targeted government agencies. Because it lacked strong enforcement tools, it didn’t do enough to break down barriers in the private and non-profit sectors.

    Recognizing these gaps, lawmakers introduced the AODA. Unlike the ODA, the AODA has clear enforcement measures that can include significant penalties for organizations that fail to comply. By building on the lessons from the ODA, the AODA established a more forward-looking system. This system continues to evolve, raising expectations for businesses to be fully inclusive in both physical and virtual environments.

    The 5 Standards of the AODA

    The AODA is made up of five key standards. Each standard focuses on a different area of daily life, ensuring organizations take a broad approach to accessibility.

    Customer Service

    This standard ensures that people with disabilities can interact with businesses as smoothly as anyone else. Examples include providing sign language interpreters for events and making store aisles wide enough for wheelchairs or walkers.

    Information and Communications

    Under this standard, organizations must offer information in accessible formats—like braille, large print, or audio. Websites also need to be designed in ways that people with disabilities can use, which includes ensuring screen readers and other assistive tech can read the content correctly.

    Employment

    Employers must create equitable hiring and workplace practices. They might offer flexible work hours or specialized equipment to employees with disabilities. The goal is to remove barriers that keep talented individuals from fully contributing at work.

    Transportation

    Public transit, taxis, and specialized transport services must meet the needs of individuals with mobility, vision, or hearing challenges. This standard helps people with disabilities stay mobile, independent, and connected to their communities.

    Design of Public Spaces

    This part of the AODA deals with the built environment. It covers things like ramps, tactile guiding surfaces, and other physical accessibility features in newly constructed or renovated public spaces.

    AODA and Web Accessibility Requirements

    One of the most impactful parts of the AODA is its focus on web accessibility. Under the law, most public and private organizations in Ontario must make their websites comply with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1 Level AA. WCAG sets international standards for how to make online content accessible to people with various disabilities. The guidelines come in three levels: A, AA, and AAA. A is the most basic level, while AAA is the most strict. The AODA currently targets Level AA, striking a balance between practicality and inclusivity.

    Core Elements of Compliance

    • Keyboard-Only Navigation: Making sure users can move through a site without a mouse.
    • Alt Text for Images: Providing descriptive text that screen readers can read aloud.
    • Sufficient Color Contrast: Text and background colors need enough contrast for people with low vision to read easily.
    • Resizable Text: Allowing users to enlarge text without losing important features.
    • Assistive Technology Compatibility: Ensuring your site works well with screen readers, voice recognition, and other tools.

    If your organization is in Ontario—be it a private company, non-profit, or government body—chances are you need to follow AODA web standards. Companies with 50 or more employees must also file accessibility reports, but even smaller companies should prioritize compliance to serve all customers properly.

    AODA Enforcement and Penalties: What’s at Stake?

    The Accessibility Directorate of Ontario is in charge of making sure the AODA is followed. If they find you in violation, they can issue warnings and fines. The amount depends on several things:

    • How severe the violation is
    • Whether it’s a first-time or repeat offense
    • Whether it’s an individual or a corporation in violation

    Fines can range from a few hundred dollars to $100,000 per day. Beyond the financial risk, non-compliance can harm your reputation. Consumers today expect brands to show responsibility and compassion. Failing to meet AODA requirements may lead potential customers to shop elsewhere.

    How to Know if Your Website Is AODA-Compliant

    Checking your website against AODA standards can be done in several ways. Automated tools can scan your pages for some basic issues, like missing alt text or poor color contrast. However, these tools only catch part of the problem. A manual audit done by professionals offers deeper insight, finding subtle issues that automated scans often miss—like improper link descriptions or confusing page layouts.

    The best approach is usually a mix of both:

    • Automated Checks: Quick and helpful for spotting coding errors and missing tags.
    • Human Review: Experts test your site with screen readers and other assistive technologies, ensuring a more complete analysis.

    Steps to Remediate Accessibility Issues

    Achieving AODA compliance is a journey rather than a one-time fix. Here are key steps to help your organization move forward:

    Learn WCAG Standards

    Study the WCAG 2.0 Level AA requirements. Focus on text contrast, alt text, keyboard navigation, and other essentials.

    Run an Accessibility Audit

    Use online tools or consult with 216digital for a thorough website review. A professional audit can uncover issues that might go unnoticed with basic scans.

    Fix Identified Issues

    Some problems can be solved with simple changes like adding alt text or adjusting font sizes. Others might need deeper code updates or rethinking your site’s design.

    Train Your Team

    If your staff isn’t aware of accessibility best practices, problems will keep popping up. Educate content writers, graphic designers, and developers about inclusive design.

    Stay Up to Date

    WCAG guidelines and AODA regulations can evolve over time. Keep checking official sources or partner with an accessibility-focused service provider.

    Implement Ongoing Monitoring

    Tools like 216digital’s a11y.Radar can help you spot and fix new issues before they become major obstacles for users with disabilities.

    Conclusion

    Meeting the requirements of the AODA isn’t just about avoiding fines—it’s about treating all people with fairness and respect. By making your website accessible, you open your virtual doors to a larger audience, improve your public image, and stay on the right side of the law. More than that, you make a real difference in the lives of those who rely on accessible websites to work, shop, learn, and connect.

    If you’re not sure where to begin, start by assessing your site for AODA compliance through an automated and manual audit. From there, put together a plan to fix errors, train staff, and keep up with any changes in the rules. If you need extra support, reach out to specialists like 216digital for expert guidance—whether you want help running an audit or need hands-on assistance to resolve complex issues.

    Remember, accessibility isn’t a box you check once; it’s an ongoing commitment that benefits everyone. By embracing the AODA and focusing on web accessibility, you’re doing more than following the law—you’re building a better future for all Ontario residents and online visitors alike.

    Greg McNeil

    April 1, 2025
    Legal Compliance
    Accessibility, Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, accessibility laws, AODA, International Accessibility Laws, Website Accessibility

  • How to Improve UX for Cognitive Disabilities

    Cognitive disabilities can significantly influence how people explore and interpret online information. In many cases, individuals struggle to process, remember, or make sense of digital content unless it is designed with clarity in mind. For example, someone on the autism spectrum might need a consistent and distraction-free interface, while a person with dyslexia could have trouble reading dense paragraphs of text.

    Thinking about these needs right from the start of the design process can make your website more inclusive for everyone. Improving usability for people with cognitive disabilities is not only the right thing to do—it also helps you meet legal requirements like the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Plus, it can boost your business by opening your site to a broader audience, leading to higher user satisfaction and stronger customer loyalty.

    Our goal in this article is to outline practical tips that help web designers, developers, and content creators build better experiences for users with cognitive disabilities. Let’s begin by exploring the challenges these users often face.

    What Are Cognitive Disabilities, and Who Do They Affect?

    Cognitive disabilities are conditions that affect how a person processes, remembers, or understands information. They can take many different forms, from difficulties in reading and language comprehension to struggles with focus, memory, or problem-solving. Although each individual experiences these conditions differently, thoughtful design can make a significant difference in how they interact with digital platforms.

    Conditions to Keep in Mind

    • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Sensitive to sensory overload, prefers predictable layouts and calm environments.
    • Dyslexia: Trouble reading and decoding words—clear fonts and layouts help a lot.
    • ADHD: Easily distracted, especially on cluttered or busy websites.
    • Dyscalculia: Difficulty working with numbers and completing financial tasks.
    • Low Literacy: Struggles with reading complex or technical language.
    • Short-Term Memory Issues: Finds it hard to follow long, multi-step instructions.

    What Makes the Web Difficult to Use?

    People with cognitive disabilities often face challenges when using digital content. Here are a few examples:

    • Too Much Information: Crowded pages with lots of text or flashing images can feel overwhelming.
    • Hard-to-Read Language: Long words or technical terms may confuse readers.
    • Unclear Instructions: Vague directions can stop someone from completing a task.
    • Tricky Navigation: Menus that change often or aren’t labeled well can make it hard to move around.
    • Time Limits: People with cognitive disabilities may need more time to think or read.

    By understanding these barriers, we can start designing websites that work better for everyone.

    Design That Works: Simple Ways to Improve the Experience

    You don’t need to be an expert to make a difference. Here are some easy ways to help users with cognitive disabilities feel more supported and confident online:

    Clear and Simple Design Helps Users with Cognitive Disabilities

    • Use Descriptive Labels: Clearly label buttons, links, and forms to reduce confusion.
    • Maintain Consistency: Use consistent colors, fonts, and layouts to make your site predictable.
    • Give Control to Users: Avoid auto-playing videos or endless scrolling; let users control animations.
    • Provide Clear Instructions: Highlight required fields and clearly state what’s expected.
    • Avoid Unnecessary Time Limits: Allow users with cognitive disabilities extra time or options to extend limits.
    • Reduce Memory Demands: Enable copy-pasting for information like verification codes.
    • Include Easy Help Options: Offer visible help buttons or live chat support.

    Use Friendly and Simple Language

    • Simplify Your Language: Use short sentences and avoid technical jargon to support users with cognitive disabilities.
    • Write Short, Clear Sentences: Bullet points, short paragraphs, and lists make content easier to understand.
    • Add Visual Aids: Icons, images, and short videos can explain content better.
    • Offer Clear Error Messages: Clearly explain errors and solutions.
    • Keep Terminology Consistent: Use the same words consistently to avoid confusion.
    • Optimize Headings and Links: Use descriptive headings and link texts like “Learn more about cognitive disabilities.”

    Create a Helpful Layout

    • Break Down Tasks: Use steps and progress indicators for complex tasks.
    • Use Clear Headings: Properly tag headings to organize content logically.
    • Include Visual Cues: Highlight important information with bold text or icons, ensuring good color contrast.
    • Use White Space: Space out text and visuals to prevent cognitive overload.
    • Allow Customization: Enable users to adjust font sizes and hide unnecessary content.

    Web Accessibility Testing for Cognitive Disabilities

    Automated Tools Aren’t Enough

    Automated tools are useful for catching technical errors but fall short when it comes to evaluating cognitive accessibility. They often miss confusing content or overwhelming layouts. Still, they’re a great place to start.

    Tools like Google Lighthouse or  WAVE by WebAIM can scan your site for issues such as inconsistent headings, missing form labels, and poor color contrast—factors that contribute to cognitive overload.

    Prioritize User Testing

    Real user feedback is crucial. Invite individuals with various cognitive disabilities to test your website. Use moderated sessions or remote tools like UserZoom, PlaybookUX, or Lookback to gather feedback. Watching how users interact with your site in real time offers insights that no automated scan can provide.

    Commit to Continuous Improvement

    Accessibility is not a one-time task—it requires regular attention and maintenance. Revisit your site routinely and re-test after updates to stay aligned with evolving standards. While automated scanners help flag issues, pairing them with ongoing human review ensures a more complete understanding of your site’s accessibility.

    For long-term support, consider using an accessibility monitoring platform. A service like 216digital’s a11y.radar can help track accessibility over time, spot recurring problems, and support timely updates. Monitoring also provides valuable data to guide improvements and measure progress.

    Keep It Simple, Keep It Kind

    Designing with these challenges in mind is both a moral responsibility and a way to broaden your reach. By reducing cognitive load, simplifying language, and maintaining a well-organized layout, you can create a website that is easier to use and welcoming for people who face challenges with concentration, memory, or reading comprehension.

    Remember that web accessibility is not just a one-time fix but an ongoing journey. Through regular testing, user feedback, and updates, you can keep your site aligned with modern accessibility standards and user expectations.

    For businesses seeking expert guidance on making their digital experiences more accessible, 216digital offers tailored solutions that enhance usability and ensure compliance. By prioritizing users with cognitive disabilities, we foster an online world where everyone feels capable, respected, and included.

    Every small step you take toward making your site more inclusive counts. By learning about best practices, applying user feedback, and reaching out for expert help when needed, you can build platforms that truly welcome and support all people—including those with cognitive disabilities.

    Greg McNeil

    March 31, 2025
    The Benefits of Web Accessibility
    Accessibility, cognitive disabilities, WCAG, Website Accessibility

  • Alt Text: Why Marketing Copy Hurts Accessibility

    Have you ever hovered over an image on a webpage and noticed a small snippet of text appear? That text is called “alt text,” and it plays a powerful role in how people experience your site—especially those who rely on screen readers. Yet it often remains an afterthought. That’s a problem. When handled correctly, it not only helps visually impaired users understand your images, but it can also support your SEO goals. On the other hand, stuffing alt text with keywords or using it as hidden ad space can frustrate visitors and hurt your search rankings.

    In this article, you’ll learn why alternative text matters, how it benefits both accessibility and SEO, and how to write it in a clear, concise, and helpful way rather than a spammy or sales-focused one. Whether you’re a solo entrepreneur, a web developer, or part of a digital marketing team, these principles will help you craft alt text that meets user needs without alienating search engines—or your audience.

    Why Alt Text Matters

    Imagine you’re shopping for a laptop case online, and you can’t see the product images. Screen reader users rely on alt text to “hear” what’s happening in each image, from color to texture. If it is nothing more than “Get the best laptop case here,” that user is left with zero details about the product. They might simply leave for a site that offers the information they need. When you write alt text that clearly states “Black leather laptop case with a zipper and handle,” you empower all customers, including those with visual impairments, to make informed decisions.

    SEO Wins

    Search engines analyze alt text to better understand what each image represents. This can give your site a leg up in search rankings for relevant queries. However, algorithms have grown smart enough to recognize keyword-stuffed or spammy text. If your alt text reads like a desperate attempt to shoehorn “laptop case” 10 times, you might do more harm than good. Concise, descriptive text helps Google and other search engines match your site with the people who genuinely want to find your products.

    Common Alt Text Pitfalls

    Keyword Overuse

    It can be tempting to sneak in extra keywords to boost SEO. But endless repetition—like “car seat protector, seat protector for cars, vinyl seat protector”—makes the text clunky and unhelpful. Search algorithms can detect spammy patterns, and users who rely on screen readers will find the repetition tedious or confusing.

    Marketing Copy Disguised as Descriptions

    Some site owners treat alt text fields as free ad space, writing something like:

    “Our top-selling leather laptop case, now 20% off! Don’t miss this exclusive deal—buy today!“

    While it may read like a catchy tagline, it doesn’t describe the image. A screen reader user learns nothing about color, texture, or design. Plus, Google doesn’t benefit from vague promotional language and might even flag your page as low-quality.

    Empty or Missing Alt Text

    Perhaps the biggest mistake is neglecting alt text entirely. In that case, a screen reader user hears nothing—just empty space—making it impossible to engage with or understand the image. If a product image is critical to your sales, that’s a huge missed opportunity.

    Repeating “Image of”

    Screen readers already announce that an element is an image. If your alt text says “Image of a black laptop case,” it’s redundant. Jump straight to the essential details: “Black leather laptop case with a zipper and handle.”

    Writing Alt Text the Right Way

    Focus on Real Descriptions

    The primary function of alt text is to describe the image so someone can visualize it through words. For a black vinyl car seat protector, a simple yet complete phrase might be:

    “Black vinyl seat protector on the driver’s seat with a zippered pocket.”

    This gives useful details while remaining concise—no filler like “best seat protector,” no repeated keywords, and no promotional language.

    Keep It Concise Yet Informative

    Alt text generally doesn’t need to be more than one or two short sentences. Offer key details without overwhelming the user. For a laptop case, mentioning the color, material, and whether it has a handle or zipper is usually enough. Screen reader users just need the essentials to identify or comprehend the image.

    Context Is Important

    If the image has a functional role—like a button or a link—clarify that. For instance, if users click an image to add a product to their cart:

    “Add to cart button for black vinyl seat protector”

    This way, a screen reader announces the function, not just the object in the image.

    Skip Redundant Phrases

    Screen readers typically announce that an element is an image, so writing “Image of” or “Graphic showing” is unnecessary. Go straight into the description. It keeps your text short and saves valuable time for the user.

    The Real-World Impact of Bad Alt Text

    Frustrating Users

    When alt text is stuffed with marketing copy or random keywords, it becomes meaningless for users with visual impairments. They hear a repetitive sales pitch instead of valuable information. This frustration often leads them to abandon your site, which hurts your brand image—and your bottom line.

    Possible Legal Ramifications

    In an era of heightened focus on digital accessibility, businesses risk legal consequences by not meeting basic standards. Some organizations have faced lawsuits for failing to include alt text. While legal outcomes vary by location and industry, it’s best to be proactive.

    Lower Search Engine Rankings

    Search engines want to display content that offers value. If your alt text is obviously spammy or unhelpful, algorithms may penalize your pages or push them further down the results. A high bounce rate—where users leave quickly due to poor user experience—also signals to Google that your site isn’t meeting visitor needs.

    Practical Steps to Improve Your Alt Text

    Conduct an Alt Text Audit

    Start by reviewing your site for missing or poor-quality alt text. Tools like the WAVE Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool highlight potential issues. Many SEO platforms also include site audits that can reveal duplicated alternative text text or keyword stuffing.

    Leverage AI Judiciously

    AI can be a lifesaver if you have thousands of product images. Tools like Google Vision offer automated descriptions, but they’re not always accurate. AI might misidentify colors or add superfluous words, so always review automatically generated alt text for accuracy and clarity.

    Follow Recognized Guidelines

    The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) provide standardized advice on writing effective alternative. Aim to:

    • Describe the image’s important details.
    • Keep it concise.
    • Skip filler words like “picture of.”
    • Use empty alt text (alt=" ") for purely decorative images that don’t add information.

    Test with Real Users

    Whenever possible, invite screen reader users to test your site. No automated tool can replace real feedback from people who use assistive technology daily. They’ll quickly tell you if your alt text is too vague, too repetitive, or missing crucial details. Their firsthand insights can highlight any confusion or gaps.

    Best Practices at a Glance

    • Prioritize clarity: Let users know exactly what they’re “seeing” through your words.
    • Stick to relevant details: Think color, material, function, or context—not ad slogans.
    • Limit keywords: A single, well-placed keyword can assist SEO. Overuse can sabotage it.
    • Adapt to the image: Product angles differ, so describe each image’s unique perspective.
    • Check surrounding text: If “black laptop case” appears in the product name next to the image, you may not need to repeat it in the alt text.

    Conclusion

    In today’s competitive online environment, you can’t afford to overlook the importance of alt text. A single line of well-chosen words can be the difference between an inclusive, intuitive user experience and a site that feels incomplete to a significant segment of your audience. By writing concise, descriptive alt text—free from keyword stuffing and promotional fluff—you create a more welcoming website and help search engines better understand your content.

    If you’re ready to enhance your site’s accessibility while protecting its SEO standing, consider partnering with 216digital. We’ll help you fine-tune your alt text (and the rest of your site) so that every visitor, whether they see your images or hear them described, gets the information they need. Embracing accessibility and clarity isn’t just the right thing to do—it’s also a savvy move for your online presence.

    Greg McNeil

    March 28, 2025
    The Benefits of Web Accessibility
    Accessibility, Alt text, How-to, Image Alt Text, Marketing, SEO, WCAG, Website Accessibility

  • Accordion Accessibility: Common Issues & Fixes

    Organizing content effectively on the web is about more than just layout—it’s about usability and inclusivity. When users are forced to scroll through long pages of uninterrupted text, the experience becomes inefficient and frustrating.

    Enter accordion components: interactive UI elements that allow content sections to be expanded or collapsed. When implemented correctly, accordion accessibility streamlines navigation and improves content organization. However, if accessibility is overlooked, these helpful components can quickly become barriers.

    This guide explores how to design accessible accordion components that enhance the user experience and meet all users’ needs—regardless of their abilities. We’ll cover best practices for structure, semantics, ARIA attributes, keyboard support, and implementation strategies to help you build inclusive, user-friendly interfaces.

    Why Accordion Accessibility Matters

    Accordions are essential: they reduce visual clutter and allow users to interact with content on their terms. Whether it’s an FAQ page, a product feature breakdown, or technical documentation, accordions help surface only the content that matters at the moment.

    However, it’s crucial to remember that not all users interact with content similarly. Screen reader users, keyboard-only users, and others with varying access needs must be able to operate accordions just as easily as those using a mouse or touchscreen. Accessible design isn’t just a nice-to-have—it’s an essential component of responsible development.

    The Building Blocks of an Accordion Accessibility-Friendly Component

    1. Structure: Header and Panel

    Every accordion should be composed of two core parts:

    Header (Trigger)

    A clickable element (typically a <button>) that users activate to show or hide content. It usually includes a descriptive label and may feature visual indicators like arrows or plus/minus icons.

    Panel (Content)

    The content is associated with the header. It should be hidden from view and keyboard focus when collapsed and fully accessible when expanded.

    For effective accordion accessibility, each header must be clearly linked to its corresponding panel—visually for sighted users and programmatically for assistive technologies.

    2. Keyboard Navigation

    One of the most common accessibility pitfalls with accordion components is insufficient keyboard support. If users can’t operate your interface without a mouse, it’s not accessible.

    Your accordion must support the following interactions:

    • Tab / Shift + Tab: Move between focusable elements, including accordion headers.
    • Enter or Space: Expand or collapse the currently focused header.
    • Arrow Up / Arrow Down: Navigate between accordion headers.
    • Home / End: Jump to the first or last header within the accordion group.

    By supporting these interactions, you ensure that keyboard users have the same level of control as mouse users.

    3. Use Semantic HTML

    Semantic HTML provides the backbone of accessibility. It ensures assistive technologies can understand the structure and function of your content without additional cues.

    Best Practices for Accordion Accessibility

    • Use heading elements (<h3>, <h4>, etc.) to maintain the document outline.
    • Place a <button> inside the heading to toggle visibility.
    • Wrap panel content in a <div> that follows its associated button.

    Why <button> and not <div> or <a>?

    Buttons are keyboard-focusable by default, accessible to screen readers, and support interactions like Enter and Space. Enter and Space. If you rely on <div> or <a> for toggling, you’ll need extra code to achieve the same level of accordion accessibility.

    4. Implementing ARIA Attributes

    ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) attributes enhance accessibility when native HTML doesn’t fully express an element’s role or state. In custom accordions, these attributes help communicate dynamic behavior to assistive technologies.

    ARIA Attributes for Accordion Accessibility

    • aria-expanded: Indicates the panel’s expanded (true) or collapsed (false) state. Applied to the button.
    • aria-controls: Points to the id of the panel controlled by the button.
    • aria-labelledby: Applied to the panel, this links it back to its header button for context.
    • aria-hidden:Use decorative icons or non-informative content to prevent screen readers from announcing them.

    These attributes ensure that screen reader users receive clear, relevant information about the accordion’s behavior and structure.

    Implementation Examples

    Option 1: Native HTML with <details> and <summary>

    For a semantic-first approach, HTML offers a native accordion-like behavior:

    <details>
  <summary>Shipping Information</summary>
  <div>
    <p>We offer free shipping on orders over $50...</p>
  </div>
</details>

    Pros

    • Minimal code
    • Built-in keyboard support
    • Accessible by default in modern browsers

    Cons

    • Styling can be limited
    • Inconsistent support across all assistive technologies

    This is a great lightweight option for simple use cases but may fall short in more complex interfaces.

    Option 2: Custom JavaScript Accordion with ARIA

    If you need more control, a custom accordion allows full styling and behavior management—just be sure to handle accordion accessibility properly.

    HTML Structure

    <h3>
  <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="panel1" id="accordion1">
    Shipping Info
  </button>
</h3>
<div id="panel1" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion1" hidden>
  <p>We offer free shipping on orders over $50...</p>
</div>

    JavaScript snippet

    const buttons = document.querySelectorAll('button[aria-expanded]'); buttons.forEach((button) => { const toggleAccordion = () => { const expanded = button.getAttribute('aria-expanded') === 'true'; button.setAttribute('aria-expanded', String(!expanded)); const panel = document.getElementById(button.getAttribute('aria-controls')); panel.hidden = expanded; }; button.addEventListener('click', toggleAccordion); button.addEventListener('keydown', (event) => { if (event.key === 'Enter') { toggleAccordion(); } }); });

    This implementation not only handles basic interaction but also improves navigation for keyboard users. Combined with semantic structure and ARIA, it creates a robust and inclusive experience.

    Best Practices to Keep in Mind

    • Use Clear Labels: Avoid generic labels like “Section 1.” Use descriptive headers that make sense out of context.
    • Provide Visual Cues: Arrows or plus/minus icons help users understand that a section is expandable. Consider animations that reinforce open/close behavior.
    • Maintain Focus Indicators: Never remove focus outlines unless you’re replacing them with custom indicators that are just as visible.
    • Be Selective with Accordions: Don’t hide critical content. It should be visible by default if the information is essential (e.g., pricing, legal disclaimers).

    Testing Accessibility

    Even well-intended implementations can miss the mark without testing. Include accessibility testing as part of your development workflow:

    • Keyboard-Only Testing: Navigate the accordion entirely by keyboard.
    • Screen Reader Testing: Use tools like NVDA, JAWS, or VoiceOver to check for correct announcements.
    • Automated Tools: Run your component through tools like WAVE, or Lighthouse to identify missing attributes or ARIA misuse.
    • Manual Code Review: Double-check that all attributes, labels, and roles are properly implemented.

    Final Thoughts

    Accessible accordions do more than organize content—they foster a better, more inclusive web. By prioritizing structure, semantics, ARIA roles, and thoughtful interaction design, you empower all users to engage with your content meaningfully.

    If you’re unsure where to start or want to ensure your components meet accessibility standards, consider working with an experienced accessibility partner like 216digital.  We specialize in helping teams build digital experiences that work for everyone—by default, and with accordion accessibility baked in.

    Greg McNeil

    March 27, 2025
    How-to Guides
    Accessibility, accordion, accordion accessibility, How-to, web developers, web development, Website Accessibility

  • How WCAG 1.3.1 Supports Cognitive Disabilities

    Have you ever landed on a website where everything feels jumbled and disorganized? You’re left scrolling and clicking aimlessly, struggling to find exactly what you’re looking for. While that’s frustrating for anyone, imagine how overwhelming it can be for people who live with cognitive disabilities—conditions that impact concentration, memory, and decision-making.

    That’s exactly why WCAG 1.3.1 exists—to help make sure your website’s information is structured clearly enough for everyone, including those using assistive technologies, to understand it. WCAG 1.3.1 ensures your site’s headings, labels, lists, and content flow are similarly clear, logical, and user-friendly.

    Considering more than 10% of U.S. adults experience cognitive disabilities, overlooking these details can unintentionally exclude a significant audience from fully engaging with your site. By understanding and applying WCAG 1.3.1, you’ll create a digital space that feels welcoming and intuitive for everyone—no matter how they access your content.

    What Is WCAG Success Criterion 1.3.1?

    WCAG 1.3.1 is part of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 at Level A, falling under the “Perceivable” category. If that sounds a bit abstract, think of it like sorting a stack of papers into clearly labeled folders. Without labels or folders, everything’s just a heap of documents. That’s no fun for anyone—especially when you’re in a rush to find something specific.

    In web terms, WCAG 1.3.1 means your headings, lists, and form labels should make sense both visually and in the background code. This way, a screen reader can “see” the right order of information. If you’re only styling text to make it bold or bigger instead of using proper headings, you might be leaving people who rely on assistive technology in the dark.

    A well-structured site is like a neatly organized book: each section has a clear title, bullet points highlight the big ideas, and you don’t have to guess where to look next.

    But here’s the important part: WCAG 1.3.1 goes beyond just how things look. It ensures that the underlying relationships in your content—like which label belongs to which form field—are crystal clear to anyone using a screen reader or navigating with a keyboard. It’s basically an invitation for everyone to participate comfortably, no matter what tools they use to browse.

    How WCAG 1.3.1 Supports Individuals with Cognitive Disabilities

    Before diving into specific tips, let’s talk a bit about what cognitive disabilities actually are. These cover a wide range of challenges with attention, memory, problem-solving, and more. Here are a few common examples, along with how WCAG 1.3.1 makes their digital lives easier:

    ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

    People with ADHD might find it really tough to focus if a page is cluttered or if the layout changes all the time. Too many pop-ups, ads, or random bold headings can be a nightmare.

    By keeping a consistent layout, using proper headings, and breaking text into smaller chunks, you give users with ADHD fewer distractions so they can quickly find what they need.

    Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

    Some individuals on the autism spectrum thrive on predictability. Sudden layout changes or bright, blinking ads can cause stress or confusion.

    Predictable navigation, clearly marked headings, and removing “visual clutter” create a smoother, calmer experience. When you group information logically, it’s like giving users a map that helps them explore your site at their own pace.

    Dyslexia

    Large blocks of unbroken text can be overwhelming for someone with dyslexia. Inconsistent fonts or formatting can make reading even harder.

    Clear headings, logical order, and bullet points break down the content into manageable pieces. This lets readers focus on one idea at a time instead of getting lost in a long wall of text.

    Remember, WCAG 1.3.1 isn’t just a fancy acronym. It’s a set of principles that tell you how to code and structure your site so people with various cognitive disabilities—and really, all people—can find what they’re looking for without extra stress.

    Best Practices to Implement WCAG 1.3.1

    Use Proper HTML Markup

    • Headings (<h1> to <h6>): Mark each section appropriately. It’s like having chapters and sub-chapters in a well-organized book.
    • Lists (<ul>, <ol>, <li>): Want to highlight key points or steps in a process? Use real list tags. These help people scan for main ideas.
    • Tables (<th>, <caption>): If you share data, make sure tables have clear headers, so screen readers can point out each column accurately.
    • Form Labels (<label> for <input>): Even a small tweak—like changing “Email” to “Email Address”—can help a lot.

    Make Labels and Associations Meaningful

    • Descriptive Form Labels: Be specific. “Name” could mean first name, last name, or both. “Full Name” is clearer and reduces guesswork for users who rely on assistive tools.
    • Grouping Related Form Elements: If you’re asking for billing and shipping information, use <fieldset> and <legend> to separate them. It’s like labeling two different drawers in the same cabinet.

    Keep a Logical Reading Order

    • Match Visual and Code Order: If your page appears in a certain order visually, make sure the code follows that same flow. That way, screen readers read the content in the correct sequence.
    • Avoid Layout Tables: Using tables to position content might scramble the reading order for assistive technologies. Stick to headings, sections, and CSS for layout.
    • Check CSS: Sometimes, fancy layouts shift elements around so that a screen reader says one thing while you’re visually seeing something else.

    Allow Alternative Navigation Methods

    • Use ARIA Landmarks: Elements like <nav>, <main>, and <aside> tell assistive tools what each section is for.
    • Keyboard Accessibility: Make sure users can reach all buttons and links by using the Tab key. Some folks don’t or can’t use a mouse.

    Common Mistakes to Watch Out For

    Depending on Style Instead of Structure

    For instance, using large bold text to indicate a heading but never actually marking it with <h2> or <h3>.

    Overloading with Unstructured Content

    Huge paragraphs with no headings, lists, or visual breaks can make reading a challenge for anyone, let alone someone with a cognitive disability.

    Skipping Testing

    Even if your code looks good, testing with screen readers or keyboard-only setups can reveal hidden problems. If possible, invite real users with disabilities to test your site and share feedback.

    Better Structure Means Better Accessibility

    When you boil it all down, WCAG 1.3.1 is about one key idea: making your content easy to understand and navigate. By using proper headings, clear labels, and logical order, you’re welcoming people with ADHD, ASD, dyslexia, and other cognitive disabilities into a space where they can comfortably engage with your content. And really, that’s a win for everyone. A well-organized site helps users who don’t have disabilities, too, because it’s simply easier to use.

    If you want to stay ahead in the accessibility world, WCAG 1.3.1 is a great place to start. It doesn’t have to be a big, daunting project, either. Sometimes, small changes—like adding more headings or re-labeling form fields—can make a huge difference in someone’s online experience.

    If you’re ready to optimize your site’s structure for everyone’s benefit, 216digital can guide you through each step. Our team will help you make sure your site meets WCAG 1.3.1 standards without losing any of your own unique style or branding.

    Greg McNeil

    March 26, 2025
    WCAG Compliance
    Accessibility, WCAG, WCAG Compliance, WCAG conformance, Web Accessibility

  • How to Make Your Marketing More Accessible

    You know how important marketing is already. But the real question is: Who’s not getting your message?

    It’s easy to assume your carefully crafted campaigns are reaching everyone—but are they? What about someone using a screen reader? Or someone experiencing cognitive overload from flashing images or cluttered layouts?

    You’re already working with engagement rates, algorithms, and design trends if you’re a marketer or content creator. So why do you need to worry about accessibility, too? Because accessible marketing is not optional—it’s necessary if you want to reach more, protect your brand, and build more trust.

    Let’s parse out the ways that accessibility intersects with marketing now—and how it actually puts you ahead in terms of competition.

    Why Accessibility Matters in Marketing

    Grow Your Audience—Organically

    Consider this: nearly 16% of people globally possess a disability that affects how they use the internet. If your content or site isn’t accessible, you’re missing out on a significant portion of your audience. Adding accessible marketing helps those individuals, but it also has the effect of simplifying and enhancing the experience for all, making your brand more desirable and accessible.

    Improve Your Brand’s Credibility

    Audiences today notice—and appreciate—brands that are concerned with being inclusive. Brands like Microsoft and Apple have established trust by being considerate and inclusive behaviors. By adopting accessible marketing, you’re broadcasting a message loud and clear: you genuinely care about your audience. That sincerity boosts customer loyalty and turns customers into brand ambassadors.

    Get a Natural SEO Boost

    Here’s a practical advantage: accessible marketing tends to coincide with SEO best practices. Descriptive text and clear, well-structured content help search engines and assistive technologies comprehend your content better. By making your site more accessible, you’ll not only enhance user experience but also perhaps enhance your search result visibility.

    Stay Compliant and Reduce Risk

    You’re probably familiar with accessibility laws like the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and guidelines such as Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). Ignoring these standards can lead to serious legal consequences—something no brand wants to face. By integrating accessible marketing into your strategies, you proactively avoid these risks, protecting your business and its reputation.

    Website Accessibility Tips

    Make Your Content Easy to Navigate

    Attempt to use only the Tab key to navigate through your site. Is it easy and self-evident? Good usage of headings (H1, H2, H3) isn’t all about design appearance—it helps users navigate without hindrance, especially those who rely on assistive technologies.

    Always Add Alt Text to Images

    Alt text is a short description of an image. Screen readers use this text to describe the image aloud for people who can’t see it. For example, if you have a photo of a smiling person holding a dog, your alt text could say, “A woman holding a small brown dog and laughing.”

    When writing alt text, be clear and concise. Provide enough information so someone can imagine the picture if they can’t see it. This step takes only a few seconds per image, but it goes a long way in making sure everyone can follow along.

    Use Clear Language and Short Sentences

    Plain language is your friend. It cuts out fluff and makes your message easier to understand. Not everyone enjoys reading long paragraphs loaded with big words. Simple wording often performs better because people grasp the idea quickly. Then, they can respond, share, or buy without confusion.

    Try to limit long sentences. If a sentence feels like it’s going on forever, break it into two. This helps your audience read faster and makes screen readers work better.

    Check Keyboard Navigation and Focus Indicators

    Not everybody is a mouse user. Well-designed visible keyboard focus indicators make it easy for users with keyboard navigation or assistive device users to access your site with ease.

    Be Careful With Animated Content

    Animated or blinking content can be distracting or even harmful to some users. When you use animations, always provide an easy way to pause or disable them.

    Social Media Accessibility Best Practices

    Alt Text Isn’t Just for Websites

    Image descriptions (alt text) are supported by most social media platforms these days. Make it a habit—you’re taking a simple step toward accessible marketing.

    Format Hashtags Clearly

    Hashtags like #MarketingTips2023 (all capitals) are more screen-reader friendly than all-lowercase counterparts, increasing accessibility right away.

    Limit Emoji Usage

    Emojis are great, but they should be used only sparingly. Excessive emoji usage will provide messy audio experiences for screen reader users.

    Tag Your Links with Care

    “Click Here” is useless. Descriptive words like “Find our latest products” will all inform users properly of the intent of the link.

    Multimedia Accessibility Strategies

    Use Captions and Transcripts

    Video marketing is a big part of many brands’ strategies. But some viewers are deaf or hard of hearing. Others can’t use sound at certain times, like when they’re in a library or a busy coffee shop. Closed captions let them follow the video’s message without hearing the audio.

    A transcript is also helpful. It’s a written version of all the spoken words and important sounds in a video. Transcripts help search engines pick up on your keywords. This gives an added SEO boost.

    Add Audio Descriptions

    Audio descriptions explain to visually impaired viewers what they are missing. This action unequivocally demonstrates your brand’s commitment to accessible marketing.

    Making Accessibility a Habit

    Make Accessibility Part of Your Workflow

    Accessibility need not be a burden. Incorporate it into your regular content creation processes—train personnel, prep checklists, and add accessibility into every campaign plan. Accessible marketing will be second nature in no time.

    Regularly Improve

    Accessibility is not set-and-forget. Regular testing with tools like WAVE or Lighthouse and feedback from real-life assistive tech users ensures that your marketing remains effective and inclusive.

    Closing the Conversion Gap

    Marketing is all about creating a connection—and that connection isn’t whole if parts of your audience are left behind. By committing to accessible marketing, you’re committing to better communication, more active relationships, and more relevant experiences for each and every individual who comes into contact with your brand.

    So, how do you begin? Take what you already do so well and add accessibility to it. Utilize it to inform the way you design, write, and present content. And when you need advice, we at 216digital can keep everything in rhythm, accessible to everyone, and effective.

    Great marketing is not just something that is seen or heard – it’s something that’s felt by everyone.

    Greg McNeil

    March 24, 2025
    How-to Guides, The Benefits of Web Accessibility, Web Accessibility Training
    Accessibility, Digital Marketing, Marketing, Web Accessibility, Website Accessibility

  • How to Make Websites Accessible for Cognitive Disabilities

    When was the last time you visited a website and ended up completely confused? Maybe it had flashing ads, a messy layout, or awkwardly placed menus. Now, imagine dealing with this sort of frustration on almost every site you visit—because your brain processes information a bit differently. Unfortunately, that’s the daily experience for many individuals. With 13.9 percent of U.S. adults having some sort of cognitive disability, this leaves millions of Americans unable to navigate the web.

    In this article, we’ll explore how cognitive disabilities affect web usage, the challenges they pose, and how you can adjust your design to be more welcoming. The good news is that creating a more inclusive website doesn’t have to be complicated. Small tweaks, like adding clear labels or allowing extra time to complete tasks, can have a massive impact. Let’s dive in!

    Understanding Cognitive Disabilities

    Cognitive disabilities influence how someone interprets and processes information. They can affect attention span, memory, comprehension, problem-solving skills, or social interactions. The impact varies from person to person, but there are shared themes. Some individuals may need larger text and simpler language, while others might require more time or predictable page layouts. Although these needs may differ, the core principle remains the same: clarity is key.

    Generally, cognitive disabilities can be divided into two main groups:

    • Functional Cognitive Disabilities: These conditions might be less severe but can still disrupt daily routines. Examples include learning disabilities, ADD/ADHD, dyslexia, or dyscalculia.
    • Clinical Cognitive Disabilities: These tend to be more profound or long-term, such as autism spectrum disorder, traumatic brain injury, Down syndrome, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease. In all cases, designing websites with an emphasis on simplicity, structure, and user-friendly navigation goes a long way.

    Common Types of Cognitive Disabilities and Their Effects

    Each type of cognitive disability can pose different obstacles online. Here are a few examples:

    • Dyslexia: Reading difficulties, especially with dense paragraphs.
    • ADHD: Hard time focusing on cluttered or rapidly changing pages.
    • Dyscalculia: Challenges with numeric or math-heavy tasks, such as checkout forms.
    • Auditory Processing Disorder: Struggles with audio content lacking captions.
    • Visual Processing Disorder: Difficulty interpreting complex visuals or layouts.
    • Memory Impairments: Problems recalling steps in sequences, like multi-page forms.
    • Autism Spectrum Disorder: Sensory overload triggered by certain fonts, colors, or animations.

    How These Disabilities Affect Web Usage

    It’s important to remember that cognitive disabilities manifest uniquely in each person. Designing with clarity and adaptability ensures a broader audience can engage more comfortably. Ordinary tasks such as ordering groceries or completing a job application become far more accessible when pages are uncluttered and navigation is logical. To achieve this, adopting user-centered methods and testing your designs can reveal hidden issues.

    Key Challenges for Cognitive Accessibility

    Overwhelming Cognitive Load

    We’ve all seen websites that feel like a newspaper glued onto your screen—crammed text, ads, sidebars, and banners everywhere you look. Users with cognitive disabilities often struggle to pick out the key information on such pages. Even something as simple as bulleted lists or subheadings can help prevent that sense of overload.

    Navigation Barriers

    If you’ve ever clicked a menu and had zero idea where to go next, you know how frustrating poor navigation can be. Sites with unclear or hidden menus, inconsistent layouts, and random page names create extra hurdles for people with cognitive disabilities. Offering a straightforward menu, a search bar, and a site map will help all users feel in control.

    Complex Forms and Inputs

    Nobody likes forms that ask too many questions—but for people with cognitive disabilities, it’s even tougher. Vague field labels, surprise questions, and steps that rely on memory can cause confusion and mistakes. Straightforward instructions and friendly error messages can turn a chore into a breeze.

    Inconsistent or Distracting Design Elements

    Blinking ads, auto-refreshing slideshows, and colors that clash might grab attention, but they can also distract or confuse someone who’s trying hard to focus. Inconsistent layouts—like having the search bar in a different place on each page—can also leave users guessing. Keeping things steady and predictable is a win for all.

    Time-Sensitive Tasks

    You’re halfway through a form, trying to enter your address, and suddenly, you get logged out. Then you lose everything you typed. That’s annoying for anyone, but imagine if it happens often because you need more time to read or type. Flexible time limits and a warning before logging out can ease this pressure and show respect for different reading or typing speeds.

    WCAG Guidelines for Cognitive Accessibility

    The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) were created to help make the internet more usable for everyone—including people with disabilities. Developed by the W3C, these guidelines lay out best practices for building websites that are easier to navigate, read, and interact with. While WCAG covers a wide range of needs, it’s especially helpful when it comes to supporting people with cognitive disabilities.

    For individuals who struggle with memory, attention, problem-solving, or language processing, small design choices can make a big difference. WCAG 2.2 includes updates that directly address those needs—like giving users more time to finish tasks, making instructions clearer, and cutting down on distractions that might make it hard to focus.

    Think of WCAG as a toolkit that helps you build a site that’s more inclusive and user-friendly.

    Tried-and-True Practices for Cognitive Accessibility

    Clear, Concise Content

    • Straightforward Language: Write like you’re speaking to a friend while still being professional—jargon should be explained if it’s absolutely necessary.
    • Short Paragraphs and Lists: Make it easy to skim by breaking text into sections. Bullet points and short paragraphs help focus attention.
    • Thoughtful Headings: Headings provide a quick roadmap of the page. They’re also handy for anyone using a screen reader to jump between sections.
    • Text Alternatives: Use alt text for images and captions for video so people who struggle with visual or auditory processing can still follow along.

    Straightforward Navigation

    • Consistency: Keep your menus, logos, and search bar in the same spots on every page. This predictability helps people know exactly where to look.
    • Descriptive Labels: Instead of a generic “Learn More,” say something like “View Our Product Line.” Users shouldn’t have to guess where a link will take them.
    • Avoid Sudden Refreshes: If the page absolutely must reload or update automatically, let the user know beforehand—or give them control.

    Forms That Don’t Confuse

    • Explain Each Step: If the form is long or complex, provide a brief overview of why you need this info and how to fill it out.
    • Group Fields Logically: Put personal info in one section, payment details in another, and label each field clearly.
    • Useful Error Messages: “Invalid entry” doesn’t really help. “Please enter a valid email address” is much clearer.
    • Password Manager Support: Some people can’t remember lots of usernames and passwords—avoid any code that interferes with auto-filled credentials.

    Reducing Distractions

    • Clean Layouts: Keep a consistent, minimal approach to layout, with important info easy to find.
    • Minimal Animations: Flashing images or pop-up ads can be overwhelming, especially for people with ADHD or autism. If animation is crucial, give users a way to pause or hide it.
    • Customization Options: If possible, let visitors adjust text size, contrast, or spacing so they can create a more comfortable reading environment.

    Tackling Time Constraints

    • Extend Session Times: If your site automatically logs people out, give them a warning and a way to keep going.
    • Auto-Save: Nothing is more discouraging than losing everything after spending 15 minutes filling out a form. An auto-save feature can be a lifesaver.
    • Flexible Deadlines: If a task or process has a time requirement, consider allowing extra time or offering a simple way to request it.

    Helping with Memory and Task Completion

    • Familiar Icons: A magnifying glass for search is universally recognized—using something obscure forces a visitor to learn new symbols.
    • Progress Bars: For multi-step tasks, let users see how far they’ve come and how much is left. This can ease anxiety and keep them moving forward.
    • Save Preferences: Whether it’s language settings or preferred font sizes, remember these choices so returning visitors don’t have to redo them.

    Testing and Ongoing Refinements

    • Automatic Tools: Programs like Google Lighthouse or WAVE can highlight accessibility problems, but they’re no substitute for real testing.
    • Manual Checks: Try your site with screen readers or text-to-speech software. It might reveal a few blind spots.
    • Ask Real Users: Feedback from people who live with cognitive disabilities is invaluable. They’ll notice details or problems that might slip by everyone else.
    • Regular Updates: Technology and standards keep evolving. Plan a routine review of your site’s accessibility features, so you stay ahead of any issues.

    Making Web Accessibility a Priority

    Making a website more accessible for people with cognitive disabilities doesn’t require a complete overhaul—it starts with awareness and intentional design. When you prioritize clarity, predictability, and flexibility, you’re not just meeting the needs of some users; you’re improving usability for everyone who visits your site. Every adjustment, from a well-placed heading to a thoughtful timeout warning, can make a meaningful difference.

    If you’re unsure where to start or how to move forward, 216digital is here to help. We work with businesses of all sizes to identify gaps, implement best practices, and build experiences that are truly usable—by everyone. Accessibility isn’t a one-time fix, it’s an ongoing commitment—and we’re ready to walk that path with you.

    Greg McNeil

    March 20, 2025
    WCAG Compliance
    Accessibility, cognitive disabilities, WCAG, WCAG Compliance, WCAG conformance, Website Accessibility

  • Automated Scans: The Good, the Bad, and the Gaps

    Creating a truly inclusive online experience means making sure everyone can comfortably navigate and enjoy your website. If your business aims to meet accessibility guidelines like WCAG and comply with laws such as the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), you’ve probably considered automated accessibility scans as a helpful first step. Popular tools like WAVE, PowerMapper, and Google Lighthouse can swiftly highlight accessibility issues, making them a practical starting point.

    But here’s the thing—automated scans aren’t magic. They typically catch only about 20-30% of accessibility problems covered by WCAG 2.1 AA, mostly basic mistakes. Many important issues need a human touch—manual testing and real judgment—to make sure your website truly serves everyone. This article breaks down what automated scans do well, where they fall short, and tackles some common misconceptions, helping you build a complete, effective approach to digital accessibility.

    The Good: Why Automated Accessibility Scans Are Helpful

    Automated accessibility scans offer a quick and practical way to uncover accessibility problems. Here’s why they’re so beneficial:

    1. Speed and Efficiency Automated tools can quickly scan your entire website within minutes, analyzing hundreds or even thousands of pages. They’re perfect for frequent or large-scale audits without overwhelming your resources.

    2. Consistent Results Unlike manual tests, automated scans apply the same criteria every time, ensuring consistent results across your entire site.

    3. Budget-Friendly Initial Assessment For businesses working with tight budgets, automated scans offer an affordable way to spot common issues, helping you take immediate action without the hefty costs of comprehensive manual audits.

    4. Quickly Spots Easy-to-Fix Issues Automated scans excel at identifying straightforward problems such as missing alternative text for images, insufficient color contrast, empty form labels, and poorly labeled buttons.

    5. Fits Seamlessly into Development Workflows Modern accessibility tools integrate directly with your existing development processes, allowing teams to catch and fix issues early on—saving time and reducing future remediation costs.

    The Bad: Limitations of Automated Scans

    To avoid a false sense of security, organizations need to understand the limitations of automated scans:

    1. Can’t Identify Contextual Issues Automated tools aren’t great at judging context. For example:

    • Alternative Text: They detect missing alt text but can’t determine if descriptions are actually helpful.
    • Keyboard Navigation: Tools may confirm elements are focusable but can’t judge ease of use.
    • Form Usability: Automated scans notice if labels exist, but can’t assess how easy forms are to use.

    2. Struggles with Dynamic Content Automated tools often miss dynamic and interactive content, such as:

    • ARIA implementations
    • Live region updates
    • Changes in modal dialogs or dropdowns

    3. False Positives and False Negatives Automated scans sometimes flag issues that aren’t real barriers (false positives) or overlook genuine problems (false negatives), potentially causing unnecessary work or leaving critical issues unaddressed.

    4. Not a Substitute for Real User Testing Automated scans can’t replicate the experience of actual users who rely on assistive technology. Only manual testing and real user feedback can fully validate accessibility.

    5. Risk of Legal Issues Relying solely on automated scans won’t guarantee full legal compliance. Courts consistently rule that automated tools alone aren’t enough, potentially exposing organizations to legal action.

    The Gaps: Bridging Automation with Human Insight

    To build a truly accessible website, combine automated testing with manual evaluation:

    1. Mix Automated and Manual Testing A comprehensive audit should include both automated and manual methods. Automated tools give a broad initial review, while manual testing covers the usability and context these tools miss.

    2. Perform Real-World Testing with Screen Readers and Keyboards Manual tests with screen readers and keyboard navigation ensure your website is practically accessible in real-world use.

    3. Get Expert Audits Professional accessibility audits blend automated tools, manual testing, and real-user scenarios, uncovering hidden issues automated scans might overlook.

    4. Continuously Monitor Accessibility Accessibility isn’t a one-time fix. Regular monitoring with tools like a11y.Radar helps maintain compliance even as your website evolves.

    5. Educate Your Team Training your developers, designers, and content creators on accessibility best practices minimizes future issues. Automated tools should guide—not replace—human judgment.

    Conclusion: Finding the Right Balance

    Automated accessibility scans are fantastic for quickly identifying common issues but aren’t enough on their own. Recognizing their limitations highlights why manual testing, expert reviews, and ongoing monitoring are vital. Businesses committed to digital accessibility should adopt a balanced approach, combining automated tools with human insights to ensure truly inclusive experiences. If you’re looking for guidance or support in building this balanced approach, the experts at 216digital can help you navigate your accessibility journey. Ultimately, accessibility is about genuinely understanding and meeting real users’ needs, going beyond mere compliance.

    Greg McNeil

    March 17, 2025
    Testing & Remediation
    Accessibility, automated scans, automated testing, manual audit, Manual Testing, Web Accessibility

  • Coffee Shop Website Accessibility: What’s Missing?

    Have you ever visited a coffee shop’s website to check their menu, order online, or see their hours? Did you feel lost because the site was confusing? Now, imagine dealing with that struggle each time you want to find your go-to latte. Or when you want to learn about a shop’s new roast. For people who rely on screen readers or have other visual impairments, that frustration can happen a lot.

    Many coffee shop owners and content creators in the United States might not realize these barriers exist. Making sure everyone can move around your website without trouble is more important than you might think. In this post, I’ll point out some common obstacles and why they matter. I’ll also share how a few small changes can make a big impact.

    Why Does Coffee Shop Website Accessibility Matters?

    When you think about coffee shops, you might picture a warm atmosphere and friendly baristas. You might also imagine the smell of freshly brewed beans. Online, we want to capture that same welcoming feeling. By focusing on coffee shop website accessibility, we want to make sure people can order their favorite drinks. We also want them to read menu items or discover new roasts without trouble.

    If a visually impaired customer struggles to find key details, they might miss out on daily deals or new seasonal drinks. They could even miss basic facts like store hours.

    One often overlooked detail is how screen readers work. These tools read text out loud to users who can’t see the screen. If a website isn’t organized well, or if images don’t have good descriptions, screen reader users can miss key details. It’s crucial to keep everything labeled and clear. That could mean they never learn about your limited-edition pumpkin spice latte or your special buy-one-get-one-free deal. By making a few updates, you can share the joy of your coffee shop with everyone who visits online.

    Missing Alt Text for Images

    Coffee shops show off photos of their specialty drinks, pastries, and interiors. There’s nothing quite like seeing a perfectly steamed latte art design on the homepage. However, if these images don’t include a brief written description (often called “alt text”), a screen reader can’t share that info with someone who is visually impaired. That leaves them guessing what’s in the image.

    What to do:

    • Make sure each picture has short alt text that describes what’s shown. If you have a frothy cappuccino in a ceramic mug with a leaf design on top, write something like, “Cappuccino with leaf latte art in a white mug.”
    • Keep it simple and clear. A few words can help everyone enjoy the same tasty-looking photos.

    Hard-to-Read Text and Poor Contrast

    Sometimes, coffee shop websites use warm and earthy color palettes to match the cozy vibe of a local café. But light brown text on a cream background can be hard for many people to read. Dark red lettering on a black background can cause the same problem.

    If your text and background colors don’t have enough contrast, users might struggle to read menu items or promotions. They could also miss important contact details.

    What to do:

    • Pick colors with high contrast, so text stands out. You can use free online contrast-checker tools.
    • Keep text large enough so visitors of all ages can comfortably read your menu and shop info. Test on a phone or tablet to see if users need to zoom in.

    Unclear Headings and Structure

    Have you ever looked at a website and felt lost because everything blended together? Using clear headings and labels helps both sighted users and people with screen readers navigate your site.

    When your text is broken into sections like “Our Menu,” “About Us,” “Location,” and “Contact,” users can jump right where they need to go. This layout helps both sighted users and screen readers. Screen readers also rely on proper heading levels (like H1, H2, H3) to guide listeners in the right order. If headings aren’t used correctly, the page can feel disorganized for those who can’t see it.

    What to do:

    • Give each page a main heading (H1), then use H2s and H3s for subheadings.
    • Don’t skip heading levels. Going from H1 to H3 can confuse people using screen readers.

    Unlabeled or Unclear Links and Buttons

    Buttons like “Order Now,” “Sign Up,” or “View Menu” should clearly say what they do. If a button only says “Click Here,” screen reader users might not know what “here” refers to. The same goes for links.

    If many links are labeled “Learn More,” it’s tricky to figure out which page or product each link goes to. Users might have to guess or click blindly.

    What to do:

    • Use descriptive link and button text, like “Order a Latte” or “Learn About Our Pastries.”
    • If you offer online ordering, label each step so people know exactly what to do next.

    Forms Without Proper Labels

    Some coffee shop websites have newsletter sign-up forms or contact forms for special orders. If these forms aren’t labeled well, a screen reader might say something like “edit box” instead of “email address.” That can leave users guessing what to type.

    What to do:

    • Label each form field clearly. For instance, use “Name” or “Email Address” so people know what goes where.
    • Provide helpful error messages. If someone enters an invalid email, explain what happened and how to fix it.

    Videos Without Captions or Transcripts

    Video might not be the first thing that comes to mind for a coffee shop website. Still, some shops post video tours, latte art tutorials, or interviews with the barista. If these don’t have captions or transcripts, users who are deaf or hard of hearing could feel left out. Good website accessibility means making the site easy for everyone, not just folks with vision challenges.

    What to do:

    • Add captions to your videos or provide a simple transcript. This helps anyone who can’t hear or who’s watching in a quiet place (or a super noisy one).

    How to Get Started

    Improving coffee shop website accessibility doesn’t have to be complicated. You can start by using free online tools that scan your pages and highlight issues like missing alt text or low contrast. It also helps to ask a few friends or loyal customers to test your site and tell you what works and what doesn’t.

    If you find bigger problems, think about working with a web developer who understands website accessibility. They can guide you through changes and help you meet standards commonly used in the United States. Even small fixes can create a smoother online experience for everyone, from a busy parent ordering pastries for the weekend to a coffee enthusiast searching for a new blend to try.

    A Warm Welcome, On and Offline

    When people walk through your coffee shop’s door, you greet them with a smile. Why not do the same online? A website that’s easy to use creates that same feeling of warmth and belonging. Whether someone’s checking your menu for gluten-free treats, ordering a bag of beans for home, or simply browsing the specials, clear labels and good navigation make them feel included.

    By focusing on coffee shop website accessibility, you open your digital doors to everyone. It’s a great way to build community, grow your business, and show off what makes your café special. After all, everyone deserves to enjoy that perfect cup of coffee—no matter how they get there.


    If you’re ready to make your coffee shop’s website more accessible but aren’t sure where to start, 216digital can help. We specialize in website accessibility solutions tailored to small businesses, making sure your site is welcoming for everyone. Let’s work together to create a seamless online experience—just like the one you offer in your shop.

    Greg McNeil

    March 14, 2025
    How-to Guides, WCAG Compliance
    Accessibility, coffee shop, forms, Image Alt Text, videos and audio content, Web Accessibility

  • Keyboard Accessibility: A Guide for Web Developers

    Think about the last time you visited a website with a complex menu or a long list of links. If you tried navigating without a mouse—maybe because you found it faster to use the Tab key—you might have encountered invisible outlines, a random tab order, or even getting stuck in a popup with no clear way out. These problems highlight why keyboard accessibility is essential.

    When websites are built so that every button, link, and form field is accessible via keyboard, it becomes easier for everyone to navigate and complete tasks.

    What Is Keyboard Accessibility?

    At its core, keyboard accessibility ensures that everything on a website can be reached and used without a mouse. This is crucial for people with motor impairments who rely on keyboards or assistive devices, as well as users with visual impairments who navigate with screen readers. Even power users benefit, often finding keyboard shortcuts and navigation faster than using a mouse.

    Beyond improving usability, proper keyboard accessibility leads to better-organized code and a more logical page structure—benefits that search engines reward with better SEO rankings. Simply put, improving keyboard accessibility benefits both users and website owners. However, achieving it comes with challenges.

    Common Keyboard Accessibility Challenges

    Despite its importance, keyboard accessibility is often overlooked. Many websites suffer from poor focus visibility, illogical tab orders, and keyboard traps that frustrate users. Addressing these pitfalls is key to creating a smooth, user-friendly experience.

    Below are three of the most common keyboard accessibility issues—and how to fix them.

    1. Designing Effective Focus Indicators

    Focus indicators visually highlight which element is currently selected when navigating with a keyboard. They help users track their position as they move through a webpage using the Tab key.

    Why Focus Indicators Matter

    Imagine navigating a website solely by keyboard. If you press Tab but can’t see where you are because the focus highlight is too faint—or missing altogether—you’re left guessing. This creates confusion and frustration. Clear, high-contrast focus indicators ensure users always know where they are on the page.

    Best Practices for Focus Indicators

    • Outline thickness: At least 2 CSS pixels
    • Outline offset: Keep at least 2 CSS pixels between the outline and the element’s edge
    • Contrast ratio: A minimum of 3:1 between the focus indicator and the background

    Understanding the :focus-visible Pseudo-Class

    The :focus selector applies styles whenever an element gains focus, including when it’s clicked with a mouse. But :focus-visible applies focus styles only when an element is navigated via keyboard, keeping the interface clean for mouse users while ensuring keyboard users get clear visual cues.

    Example:

    *:focus-visible {
  border: 2px solid black; /* Ensure noticeable contrast */
  outline-offset: 2px;
}

    2. Maintaining a Logical Navigation Order

    Users navigate websites sequentially using the Tab key. The focus order should match the visual layout to avoid confusion. A mismatch disrupts the browsing experience, making it difficult for users to predict what comes next.

    Tips for Logical Navigation

    • Use proper HTML structure: Semantic elements like headers (<h1> – <h6>), lists, and landmarks guide screen readers and browsers to interpret content correctly.
    • Avoid positive tabindex values: Manually setting a positive tabindex can force elements into an unnatural order, leading to confusion.
    • Provide “Skip to Main Content” links: These allow users to bypass repetitive navigation and jump straight to the main content.
    • Beware of keyboard traps: Ensure users can always navigate away from popups, modals, or embedded elements using only the keyboard.

    3. Proper tabindex Implementation

    The tabindex attribute controls how elements receive focus. While useful in some cases, it’s often misused.

    What tabindex Does

    • tabindex="0": Inserts the element into the default tab order based on its position in the DOM. Ideal for custom interactive elements like <div> buttons.
    • tabindex="-1": Removes an element from sequential keyboard navigation but allows focus via scripting. Useful for modals or hidden elements.
    • Positive values (e.g., tabindex="1"): Best avoided, as forcing a custom order can break the expected tab sequence and frustrate users.

    Best Practices

    • Use semantic HTML (<button>, <a>), which is naturally keyboard-accessible.
    • Avoid adding tabindex to non-interactive elements like text or static images.
    • Use negative tabindex for hidden or modal content that should only receive focus under certain conditions.
    • Stick to the natural tab order whenever possible—custom focus orders should be a last resort.

    Testing Your Website’s Keyboard Accessibility

    Even with best practices in place, testing is essential to catch issues before they impact users. A combination of manual and automated testing provides the most reliable results.

    Manual Testing

    • Navigate using only a keyboard: Use the Tab key to move through all interactive elements. Press Enter (or Space) to activate buttons and links.
    • Check focus visibility: Ensure focus indicators are always clear and meet contrast requirements.
    • Verify logical tab order: Does the sequence make sense based on how someone would naturally read or navigate your page?
    • Watch for keyboard traps: Ensure modals, dropdowns, and embedded content allow users to navigate away freely.

    Automated Testing Tools

    Browser-Based Tools

    • Firefox Accessibility Inspector: Displays how the browser interprets focusable elements.
    • Chrome DevTools (Accessibility Panel): Helps analyze the site’s structure.
    • WAVE Evaluation Tool: Flags potential accessibility issues directly in the browser.

    While these tools are powerful, nothing replaces real user feedback. Testing with people who rely on keyboard navigation often reveals hidden issues automated tools miss.

    Conclusion

    Keyboard accessibility is a fundamental part of inclusive web design. Making sure users can navigate your site without a mouse ensures better usability for everyone—including people with disabilities who rely on keyboard navigation. Plus, it improves SEO, usability, and compliance, making it a win-win for both users and businesses.

    The best practices covered here—such as customizing focus indicators, maintaining a logical tab order, and using tabindex responsibly—are essential steps toward a more accessible website. Regular testing, both manual and automated, helps ensure your site meets WCAG guidelines and delivers a smooth experience for all users.

    For expert guidance, consider working with accessibility professionals like 216digital. Specialists can help you implement strategies that go beyond basic compliance, ensuring long-term usability and inclusivity. When you prioritize keyboard accessibility, you create a more welcoming web for everyone—and that’s a goal worth striving for.

    Greg McNeil

    March 13, 2025
    How-to Guides
    Accessibility, keyboard accessibility, Keyboard Navigation, tabindex, Web Accessibility, web developers, web development
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