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  • Keyboard Accessibility: A Guide for Web Developers

    Think about the last time you visited a website with a complex menu or a long list of links. If you tried navigating without a mouse—maybe because you found it faster to use the Tab key—you might have encountered invisible outlines, a random tab order, or even getting stuck in a popup with no clear way out. These problems highlight why keyboard accessibility is essential.

    When websites are built so that every button, link, and form field is accessible via keyboard, it becomes easier for everyone to navigate and complete tasks.

    What Is Keyboard Accessibility?

    At its core, keyboard accessibility ensures that everything on a website can be reached and used without a mouse. This is crucial for people with motor impairments who rely on keyboards or assistive devices, as well as users with visual impairments who navigate with screen readers. Even power users benefit, often finding keyboard shortcuts and navigation faster than using a mouse.

    Beyond improving usability, proper keyboard accessibility leads to better-organized code and a more logical page structure—benefits that search engines reward with better SEO rankings. Simply put, improving keyboard accessibility benefits both users and website owners. However, achieving it comes with challenges.

    Common Keyboard Accessibility Challenges

    Despite its importance, keyboard accessibility is often overlooked. Many websites suffer from poor focus visibility, illogical tab orders, and keyboard traps that frustrate users. Addressing these pitfalls is key to creating a smooth, user-friendly experience.

    Below are three of the most common keyboard accessibility issues—and how to fix them.

    1. Designing Effective Focus Indicators

    Focus indicators visually highlight which element is currently selected when navigating with a keyboard. They help users track their position as they move through a webpage using the Tab key.

    Why Focus Indicators Matter

    Imagine navigating a website solely by keyboard. If you press Tab but can’t see where you are because the focus highlight is too faint—or missing altogether—you’re left guessing. This creates confusion and frustration. Clear, high-contrast focus indicators ensure users always know where they are on the page.

    Best Practices for Focus Indicators

    • Outline thickness: At least 2 CSS pixels
    • Outline offset: Keep at least 2 CSS pixels between the outline and the element’s edge
    • Contrast ratio: A minimum of 3:1 between the focus indicator and the background

    Understanding the :focus-visible Pseudo-Class

    The :focus selector applies styles whenever an element gains focus, including when it’s clicked with a mouse. But :focus-visible applies focus styles only when an element is navigated via keyboard, keeping the interface clean for mouse users while ensuring keyboard users get clear visual cues.

    Example:

    *:focus-visible {
      border: 2px solid black; /* Ensure noticeable contrast */
      outline-offset: 2px;
    }

    2. Maintaining a Logical Navigation Order

    Users navigate websites sequentially using the Tab key. The focus order should match the visual layout to avoid confusion. A mismatch disrupts the browsing experience, making it difficult for users to predict what comes next.

    Tips for Logical Navigation

    • Use proper HTML structure: Semantic elements like headers (<h1> – <h6>), lists, and landmarks guide screen readers and browsers to interpret content correctly.
    • Avoid positive tabindex values: Manually setting a positive tabindex can force elements into an unnatural order, leading to confusion.
    • Provide “Skip to Main Content” links: These allow users to bypass repetitive navigation and jump straight to the main content.
    • Beware of keyboard traps: Ensure users can always navigate away from popups, modals, or embedded elements using only the keyboard.

    3. Proper tabindex Implementation

    The tabindex attribute controls how elements receive focus. While useful in some cases, it’s often misused.

    What tabindex Does

    • tabindex="0": Inserts the element into the default tab order based on its position in the DOM. Ideal for custom interactive elements like <div> buttons.
    • tabindex="-1": Removes an element from sequential keyboard navigation but allows focus via scripting. Useful for modals or hidden elements.
    • Positive values (e.g., tabindex="1"): Best avoided, as forcing a custom order can break the expected tab sequence and frustrate users.

    Best Practices

    • Use semantic HTML (<button>, <a>), which is naturally keyboard-accessible.
    • Avoid adding tabindex to non-interactive elements like text or static images.
    • Use negative tabindex for hidden or modal content that should only receive focus under certain conditions.
    • Stick to the natural tab order whenever possible—custom focus orders should be a last resort.

    Testing Your Website’s Keyboard Accessibility

    Even with best practices in place, testing is essential to catch issues before they impact users. A combination of manual and automated testing provides the most reliable results.

    Manual Testing

    • Navigate using only a keyboard: Use the Tab key to move through all interactive elements. Press Enter (or Space) to activate buttons and links.
    • Check focus visibility: Ensure focus indicators are always clear and meet contrast requirements.
    • Verify logical tab order: Does the sequence make sense based on how someone would naturally read or navigate your page?
    • Watch for keyboard traps: Ensure modals, dropdowns, and embedded content allow users to navigate away freely.

    Automated Testing Tools

    Browser-Based Tools

    • Firefox Accessibility Inspector: Displays how the browser interprets focusable elements.
    • Chrome DevTools (Accessibility Panel): Helps analyze the site’s structure.
    • WAVE Evaluation Tool: Flags potential accessibility issues directly in the browser.

    While these tools are powerful, nothing replaces real user feedback. Testing with people who rely on keyboard navigation often reveals hidden issues automated tools miss.

    Conclusion

    Keyboard accessibility is a fundamental part of inclusive web design. Making sure users can navigate your site without a mouse ensures better usability for everyone—including people with disabilities who rely on keyboard navigation. Plus, it improves SEO, usability, and compliance, making it a win-win for both users and businesses.

    The best practices covered here—such as customizing focus indicators, maintaining a logical tab order, and using tabindex responsibly—are essential steps toward a more accessible website. Regular testing, both manual and automated, helps ensure your site meets WCAG guidelines and delivers a smooth experience for all users.

    For expert guidance, consider working with accessibility professionals like 216digital. Specialists can help you implement strategies that go beyond basic compliance, ensuring long-term usability and inclusivity. When you prioritize keyboard accessibility, you create a more welcoming web for everyone—and that’s a goal worth striving for.

    Greg McNeil

    March 13, 2025
    How-to Guides
    Accessibility, keyboard accessibility, Keyboard Navigation, tabindex, Web Accessibility, web developers, web development
  • How to Make Mega Menus More Accessible

    A mega menu is typically a large, two-dimensional panel that appears when a user interacts with a top-level navigation item. It’s often used by eCommerce stores or websites with many different product categories or content sections. Because it can display a wide variety of links in a single view, a mega menu helps visitors explore your site quickly—no endless drilling down into submenus.

    But here’s the catch: while mega menus make navigation simpler for many users, they can also create barriers for some. For example, hover-triggered mega menus might be useless for someone relying on a keyboard. Or, if the menu isn’t properly labeled, a screen reader user might get stuck in a confusing loop of unlabeled links.

    These barriers matter because web accessibility is not just about following rules—it’s about ensuring everyone can use your site. If you leave people out, you risk alienating customers who want to purchase your products or read your content. So, let’s dive into some common accessibility issues and how to fix them.

    Overcoming Common Accessibility Challenges

    Improving Hover Functionality

    Most mega menus open when you hover your mouse over the navigation item. However, hover-based menus can cause big problems for keyboard users (or anyone who can’t use a mouse).

    • Inaccessible for Keyboard Users: People who navigate with the keyboard use the Tab key to move from link to link. If a menu only opens on hover, these users can’t open the submenu.
    • Overly Sensitive Interactions: Sometimes, mega menus can pop open or shut at the slightest movement of your mouse. This makes them frustrating to use for everyone.
    • The “Diagonal Problem”: If you move the mouse at an angle, you can sometimes trigger submenus you didn’t intend to open.

    Best Practice: Use a click to open the submenus instead of relying on hover. This way, both mouse and keyboard users have a more predictable experience. A click is a clearer signal of intention, reducing accidental openings or closings.

    Making Menus Easy to Close

    A menu that’s hard to dismiss can trap users, especially if it covers a large portion of the screen. On the other hand, a menu that closes too quickly can frustrate users who accidentally hover away for a split second.

    Solutions:

    1. Escape Key Support: Let users close the menu by pressing the Escape key. This is a standard expectation in many UI patterns and helps keyboard users exit quickly.
    2. Delayed Closing: If you decide to keep some hover functionality, add a slight delay before the submenu disappears. This grace period prevents the menu from closing by mistake if a user’s pointer drifts outside the panel for a moment.

    Enhancing Keyboard Accessibility

    Logical Keyboard Navigation

    Keyboard navigation is a critical part of web accessibility. You want the user’s Tab key presses to move in a clear, intuitive order:

    1. First Tab: Highlight the first top-level navigation item.
    2. Enter Key: If the focused top-level item has a submenu, pressing Enter opens that submenu. Pressing Enter again on any submenu item activates the link.
    3. Tab Within a Submenu: Moves focus to the next item in the submenu.
    4. Escape Key: Closes the submenu and returns focus to the parent menu item.
    5. Shift + Tab: Moves backward through the items, letting users navigate in reverse.

    This logical flow ensures that people who rely on the keyboard won’t get lost or stuck.

    Providing Clear Focus Indicators

    When users press Tab, they should be able to see exactly which menu item is highlighted. This means using visible focus indicators:

    • A change in background color, an underline, or a bold outline helps users quickly spot the focused item.
    • Make sure the color contrast meets accessibility guidelines. Avoid using color alone—some users might not see color differences clearly. An underline or border is a more reliable visual cue.

    Optimizing Screen Reader Support with ARIA

    Choosing the Right ARIA Roles

    Using role= "menu" for all navigation is a common mistake introduced in development. This role should only be used if your navigation behaves like a desktop application menu. For most website mega menus, it’s better to use simpler roles.

    Recommended roles and attributes:

    • role= "navigation": Declares that this section is a navigation landmark, which helps screen reader users quickly find or skip it.
    • role= "menuitem": If you have interactive items that function like menu items (though for basic links, standard <a> elements might be enough).
    • aria-haspopup= "true": Indicates that a button or link has a submenu.
    • aria-expanded= "false": Tells screen readers if a section is closed. Switch it to true when the submenu opens.

    Labeling and Describing Elements Properly

    Screen readers need helpful labels to convey what the link or button does. If your button opens a “Products” submenu, label it clearly:

    • Use aria-label= "Products Menu" or aria-labelledby=" [ID_of_label]" to associate a descriptive label with the menu.
    • Provide descriptive link text. Instead of “Click here,” use something like “View our latest products.” This helps all users know exactly where the link leads.

    Implementing Accessible Mega Menus with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript

    Using Semantic HTML for Proper Structure

    Below is a simple example showing how to structure an accessible mega menu:

    <nav aria-label= "Main Menu">
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#">Home</a></li>
        <li>
          <button aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Products</button>
          <ul>
            <li><a href="#">Product 1</a></li>
            <li><a href="#">Product 2</a></li>
          </ul>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </nav>

    Here’s why this works:

    • <nav aria-label= "Main Menu">: The <nav> element is a semantic way to mark the navigation area. The aria-label helps screen readers identify it.
    • <button> vs. <a>: Using a button for expandable menus is more accessible because it’s an interactive element by default and can easily handle the aria-expanded state.
    • aria-expanded: Indicates whether the submenu is open or closed (true or false).

    Styling Menus for Visibility & Interaction

    Accessible styling goes beyond making things “look nice.” It ensures that focus states are clear. For instance:

    nav button:focus {
      outline: 2px solid #005ea2;
      background-color: #f1f1f1;
    }
    nav ul ul {
      display: none;
    }
    nav button[aria-expanded="true"] + ul {
      display: block;
    }
    • The outline property and background-color change help users see the focused button.
    • By default, submenus are hidden (display: none).
    • When aria-expanded= "true", the submenu appears (display: block).

    Enhancing Usability with JavaScript

    A small amount of JavaScript can make your menus more accessible. Here’s how you can toggle the aria-expanded attribute:

    document.querySelectorAll('nav button[aria-haspopup]').forEach(button => {
      button.addEventListener('click', () => {
        const expanded = button.getAttribute('aria-expanded') === 'true';
        button.setAttribute('aria-expanded', !expanded);
      });
    });
    • This code finds every button with aria-haspopup.
    • When clicked, it checks if aria-expanded is currently true, then toggles it.
    • This prevents menus from randomly opening on hover and gives users control.

    Accessible Navigation Is an Ongoing Commitment

    Building an accessible mega menu isn’t a one-and-done project. It takes careful planning, coding, and constant testing to make sure all users can move through your site with ease. However, the payoff is huge: better usability for everyone, including people with temporary or permanent disabilities, and compliance with accessibility standards like WCAG.

    Remember, accessibility benefits everyone. Even a user with a short-term injury or someone on a small mobile device can benefit from keyboard-friendly and screen-reader-friendly menus. By making small changes to HTML, CSS, ARIA attributes, and JavaScript, you can open up your site to a larger audience and provide a smoother experience for all.

    If you need expert guidance on web accessibility or want a thorough audit of your online store, 216digital can help. We specialize in creating inclusive, user-friendly experiences that keep your customers coming back and keep your website on the cutting edge of accessibility best practices. Don’t let your mega menus become mega barriers—start making them accessible today!

    Greg McNeil

    March 11, 2025
    How-to Guides
    Accessibility, accessible code, How-to, mega menu, web developers, web development, Website Accessibility
  • What is Inclusive Design?

    These days, people rely on the internet for just about everything—shopping, learning, connecting with others, and more. That is why it is so important for websites to be easy to use for everyone, regardless of their abilities or backgrounds. Inclusive design ensures that digital spaces are welcoming and accessible to all, whether someone has a vision or hearing impairment, limited mobility, speaks a different language, or simply is not tech-savvy.

    When businesses overlook accessibility, they risk shutting out entire groups of potential customers. So what exactly is inclusive design, and how can you make it a priority for your business? Let’s break it down.

    What’s Inclusive Design and Why Does It Matter?

    Most of us take certain web features for granted, like being able to click a button or read text on a screen. But imagine if someone has trouble seeing small letters or cannot operate a mouse. A website that is hard to use may prevent them from completing a simple task, such as filling out a form or finding important information. Inclusive design solves these problems by considering everyone’s needs from the start.

    When we practice inclusive design, we do more than just check a box for accessibility. We build sites that help people with different backgrounds and abilities feel welcome. This approach lets businesses reach a larger audience and gives more people the chance to use digital tools. In the end, everyone benefits.

    Key Principles of Inclusive Design

    Inclusive design follows a few core principles to ensure websites and digital experiences work for the widest range of users. These principles help designers create sites that are flexible, clear, and easy to navigate for everyone.

    1. Flexibility: Adapting to Different Needs

    Flexibility is one of the most important principles of inclusive design. Websites should adapt to different user needs, devices, and environments. Not everyone interacts with a website in the same way, so design elements must be versatile.

    For example, someone browsing on a smartphone may need larger buttons or a simpler layout to tap easily. A person using a screen reader may require properly labeled content so their assistive device can read text and links in a logical order. A website offering multiple ways to interact—such as voice commands, keyboard shortcuts, or touchscreen options—ensures users can engage with it in the way that suits them best.

    2. Clarity: Making Information Easy to Read and Understand

    Clarity is another core principle of inclusive design. If a website’s content is difficult to read or understand, it excludes many users. Sites should be simple, direct, and easy to follow.

    Some ways to improve clarity include:

    • Using plain language instead of technical jargon
    • Writing short paragraphs and using bullet points to break up content
    • Adding clear headings and subheadings to guide readers
    • Avoiding long, complex sentences

    These strategies benefit people with cognitive disabilities, those who speak English as a second language, and anyone who is quickly skimming for key information.

    3. Consistency: Creating a Predictable Experience

    Consistency is a key part of inclusive design because a predictable, structured website helps all users navigate smoothly. If menus, buttons, and links work the same way across different pages, visitors can find what they need without confusion.

    For instance:

    • Navigation menus should stay in the same place on every page
    • Buttons and links should have clear labels describing their purpose
    • Form fields should follow the same format throughout the site

    Consistency is especially important for people using assistive technologies like screen readers, as it helps them understand and interact with a website more efficiently. It also benefits users who rely on keyboard navigation or voice commands.

    Examples of Inclusive Design in Practice

    A good example of inclusive design is seen on social media platforms that offer closed captioning for videos. This allows people who cannot hear—or those who do not want to disturb others—to follow along. News websites that highlight key text or break up content into simpler chunks also practice inclusive design: by using plain language and proper formatting, they make it easier for a broad audience to consume information.

    Meanwhile, many e-commerce sites let shoppers filter products by color, size, or shape, helping those with specific needs. A person with color blindness might benefit from color labels spelled out in text, instead of relying on swatches alone, while someone with shaky hands might need larger buttons to click. These small adjustments illustrate how inclusive design can shape the online world to welcome everyone rather than turn people away.

    Benefits of Inclusive Design

    Embracing inclusive design does more than improve accessibility—it benefits businesses, organizations, and users alike. When websites accommodate all people, they become more effective, user-friendly, and legally compliant. Below are some of the biggest advantages of adopting inclusive design.

    1. Reaching a Bigger Audience

    One of the greatest benefits of inclusive design is how it expands a website’s reach. By being accessible to more people, businesses can connect with a larger and more diverse audience.

    Many users rely on assistive technology or need specific design accommodations, including:

    • People with visual impairments who use screen readers
    • Users with hearing impairments who rely on captions and transcripts
    • Individuals with mobility challenges who navigate via keyboard controls or voice commands
    • People with cognitive differences who need clear, structured content

    When websites are built for these groups, businesses and organizations can serve more customers and gain a competitive edge.

    2. Improving User Experience for Everyone

    A well-designed, inclusive website helps not just users with disabilities but all visitors. Clear text, logical navigation, and flexible layouts make websites easier for everyone to use.

    For example:

    • Captions on videos help users in noisy environments who cannot turn on the sound
    • Readable fonts and high-contrast text improve legibility for all users, not just those with visual impairments
    • Mobile-friendly designs ensure accessibility for people browsing on smartphones, tablets, and other devices

    By prioritizing inclusive design, businesses create digital spaces that are both efficient and enjoyable for every user.

    3. Staying Legally Compliant

    Many countries have laws that require websites to be accessible. In the U.S., the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) set legal standards for digital accessibility. Failure to comply can lead to lawsuits, fines, and damage to a brand’s reputation. In 2024 alone, more than 4,000 websites were sued for not meeting accessibility requirements, highlighting the serious risks of ignoring inclusive design.

    Businesses that do not meet these standards may face legal action from advocacy groups or individuals. Ensuring compliance from the start helps companies avoid these challenges while showing a commitment to equal access.

    Simple Steps to Get Started

    Inclusive design principles become easier to apply when you follow a few basic steps:

    • Plan Early
    • Include accessibility and usability in the early stages of your web project. Think about how users with diverse needs will interact with each part of your site.
    • Use Clear Language
    • Write in short sentences and simple words. This benefits people who speak English as a second language or have reading difficulties.
    • Focus on Layout
    • Organize your page in a logical way. Use headings, subheadings, and clear labels. This makes it easier for screen readers to process content.
    • Color Contrast Matters
    • Ensure your text and backgrounds have enough contrast. Free online tools like WebAIM’s Contrast Checker can help you check color contrast levels.
    • Provide Text Alternatives
    • Add captions to videos and alternative text for images. This helps people who cannot see the screen or hear the audio.
    • Test with Real Users
    • Set aside time to watch real users test your site. This is one of the most effective ways to find out what works and what does not.

    Tools and Techniques

    Several tools and techniques can help you practice inclusive design. Many free online checkers let you test color contrast, readability, and overall accessibility. Browser extensions can point out areas of your site that need attention. You can also try using a screen reader—like NVDA, VoiceOver on a Mac or Narrator on Windows—to experience your website as someone with vision impairments might.

    If you apply inclusive design effectively, consider adding features such as keyboard navigation, enabling users to move around your site with arrow keys or the Tab key instead of a mouse. Another useful practice is to highlight the selected element on screen, helping people see which button or link they are about to activate.

    Conclusion

    Inclusive design is not just a best practice—it is a necessary approach for creating digital experiences that work for everyone. Websites that prioritize inclusive design are more accessible, easier to navigate, and more effective at reaching diverse audiences. By focusing on accessibility from the outset, businesses can avoid costly redesigns, improve user engagement, and ensure legal compliance.

    At 216digital, we understand the importance of inclusive design and the role it plays in establishing a successful online presence. Our team specializes in accessibility audits, website design, and ongoing compliance monitoring to help businesses meet the highest accessibility standards. Ensuring your website is accessible is not just about checking a legal box—it is about creating a better online experience for everyone. Contact 216digital today to make sure your website is designed for all users.

    Greg McNeil

    March 5, 2025
    How-to Guides, Web Design & Development
    Accessible Design, Graphic Designer, inclusive desgin, Web Accessible Design
  • 6 Ways to Improve Icon Accessibility in Web Design

    Icons are everywhere in web design—on navigation menus, buttons, and even instructional graphics. They help users navigate, take action, and understand content at a glance. But just because an icon looks great doesn’t mean it’s effective for everyone. When it comes to creating inclusive websites, icon accessibility is crucial. If an icon is confusing or too small, it can frustrate users, create barriers, and even cost you traffic or conversions. That’s why accessibility and usability should be top priorities.

    In this article, we’ll explore six actionable ways to improve icon design so that your icons are clear, usable, and accessible to all users, including those with disabilities. Whether you’re a website owner, content creator, or web developer, these tips will help ensure your icons work well for everyone, including people with visual, motor, or cognitive impairments.

    1. Make Your Icons Easy to See

    Contrast Matters

    When designing icons, it’s significant that they stand out from the background rather than blend in. The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) recommend a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 for text and images of text. Icons, especially those carrying critical information, should meet or exceed this contrast standard.

    Why It’s Important

    Low-contrast icons can be almost invisible to users with vision impairments, complicating navigating or completing tasks on your site.

    How To Do It

    Tools like the WebAIM Contrast Checker can help you confirm that your color choices meet accessibility guidelines. If your background is light, ensure your icons are noticeably darker, and vice versa.

    Size Counts

    Just as crucial as contrast is icon size. Small icons can be a nightmare for users with poor vision or those who rely on assistive technology like screen magnifiers. They can also pose a challenge for people with motor disabilities who struggle to tap or click small icons accurately.

    Recommended size

    Aim for an icon touch target of at least 44×44 pixels. This size gives enough space for a user’s finger or cursor to select the icon without accidentally triggering something else.

    Common pitfalls

    Anything smaller than 24×24 pixels is typically too small to be easily clicked or tapped. If you’re designing for mobile, remember that users’ fingers are bigger than a precise mouse pointer.

    2. Always Pair Icons with Text

    Relying solely on icons can create confusion, especially if your visitors aren’t familiar with certain symbols. A perfect example is the infamous “hamburger menu.” While common in modern design, not everyone recognizes what the three stacked lines represent. By adding a text label, you remove any guesswork.

    Why It’s Important

    Text labels make icons understandable for users who might not recognize specific symbols. They also provide additional context for screen readers, who may not interpret icons alone correctly.

    • Bad example: A search button that shows only a magnifying glass icon.
    • Good example: Pair the magnifying glass icon with the word “Search.” This ensures clarity for everyone.

    Including text labels is a simple but effective step toward better icon accessibility and can drastically improve user experience.

    3. Use Clear, Functional Alt Text

    Alt text (alternative text) plays a vital role in accessibility. It’s a description that screen readers read aloud for users who can’t see the images on a page. Regarding icons, the alt text should describe the icon’s function rather than its appearance.

    • Examples: Bad: alt= “Icon of a house”
    • Good: alt= “Go to homepage”

    If the icon is purely decorative and conveys no essential information, mark it as aria-hidden= "true" or use an empty alt="" to keep screen readers from reading irrelevant content.

    Use Proper Coding Techniques

    Depending on the format of your icon, there are slightly different approaches to ensure screen readers interpret them correctly:

    1. <img> elements → Use the alt attribute, like alt=”Search button”.
    2. SVG icons → Provide a <title> tag within the SVG file or inline code.
    3. Icon fonts → Sometimes, screen readers treat icon fonts as text characters. Use aria-hidden= "true" for the icon itself, and include hidden text (e.g., <span class= "visually-hidden">Search</span>) for accessibility.

    This attention to detail ensures that people using screen readers will know the icon’s function without having to interpret a cryptic or generic description.

    4. Be Consistent with Icons

    Consistency is key in web design, especially regarding icon accessibility. Each icon should have a clear meaning across your entire website or app.

    Why It’s Important

    If you use a magnifying glass icon to indicate “Search” in one area of your site, using the same symbol for “Zoom” somewhere else can confuse users. A confused user is more likely to leave your site or miss important content.

    Avoid Multiple Meanings

    Don’t use one icon to represent more than one function. This can break user trust and make them second-guess every click.

    By keeping your icons consistent, you help users develop familiarity with the symbols on your site. Reducing the cognitive load for everyone, including users with disabilities who rely on screen readers or keyboard navigation.

    5. Make Icons Keyboard & Assistive Tech Friendly

    Some users cannot use a mouse or touchpad and rely solely on their keyboard. Others use assistive technology like screen readers or voice control. Ensuring your icons work with these tools is essential for accessibility.

    Keyboard Navigation

    Every interactive icon should be reachable and operable using only a keyboard. Users should be able to tab to an icon and activate it with the Enter or Spacebar keys.

    • Tips: Use logical tab ordering in your HTML to ensure icons follow a coherent navigation sequence.
    • Ensure focus styles are visible (e.g., a visible outline or highlight around the icon when selected).

    Screen Reader Support

    Icons can easily confuse screen reader users if not labeled correctly. This is where ARIA labels or hidden text come into play. For instance, if an icon triggers a search action, you could include an ARIA label such as aria-label= "Search" on the button element, or you can nest a visually hidden <span> that says “Search.”

    Why It Matters

    Without ARIA labels or hidden text, a screen reader might read the icon as a “button” or, worse, give no information.

    How To Do It

    <button aria-label="Search">
      <svg aria-hidden="true"> ... </svg>
      <span class="visually-hidden">Search</span>
    </button>

    Ensure keyboard and screen reader users have the proper context to interact with your icon.

    6. Choose the Right Icon Format

    Icons can be added to a webpage in several ways, but SVG and PNG are two of the most popular image formats. Alternatively, some designers opt for icon fonts. Each has its pros and cons when considering icon accessibility.

    SVG & PNG Are Your Friends

    SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)

    • Pros: These files are resolution-independent, meaning they scale well to any size without losing quality. They can also be easily styled with CSS and annotated with titles or labels for accessibility.
    • Cons: If you’re unfamiliar with SVG syntax, the setup process can be more involved.

    PNG (Portable Network Graphics)

    • Pros: Excellent for icons that don’t need to scale up drastically. PNGs offer high-quality images with transparency.
    • Cons: They’re not always the best for large or small displays, as they can become pixelated or blurry when scaled.

    Beware of Icon Fonts

    Icon fonts replace letters with symbols, so the text “A” might visually display as a house icon. While this can be convenient, it can create issues for screen readers who might read the text as a letter rather than a graphic. If you use icon fonts:

    • ARIA: Add aria-hidden= "true" to ensure the screen reader ignores the font.
    • Hidden text: Include a visually hidden <span> with the function of the icon, such as “Home” or “Search.”

    By choosing the right format, you help ensure users can see or interact with the icon regardless of their device or abilities.

    Team Up with 216digital for Better Accessibility

    Mastering icon accessibility is more than just following guidelines; it’s about providing an inclusive experience for everyone who visits your website. Clear, intuitive icons can significantly improve your site’s usability, particularly for users who rely on assistive technologies.

    If you’re unsure where to begin or want to ensure accessibility experts handle every detail, consider partnering with 216digital. Our team has extensive experience creating accessible, user-friendly websites that work seamlessly across different devices and for people of all abilities. We’ll help you fine-tune every aspect of your icons, from contrast ratios and alt text to keyboard navigation and consistent design.

    Ready to level up your website’s accessibility? Contact us for a quick briefing and see how we can help strengthen your site’s icon design. Together, we can create a web experience that welcomes everyone, reflecting your brand values and maximizing your reach in a diverse online world.

    Greg McNeil

    February 14, 2025
    How-to Guides
    Accessibility, How-to, Icon Accessibility, web developers, web development, Website Accessibility
  • Creating Accessible Data for Charts and Graphs

    Data drives decisions. A clear and easy-to-understand chart can speak volumes whether you’re showing sales figures, survey results, or scientific findings. However, not everyone interprets visual elements the same way. People with low vision, color blindness, or who rely on screen readers may face serious barriers if your charts aren’t designed with accessibility in mind.

    Beyond inclusivity, legal standards exist like the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). In this post, we’ll explore why accessible data visualizations matter, review common accessibility mistakes, and share practical techniques you can use to ensure that all visitors can understand your charts and graphs.

    Designing for Visual Accessibility

    Color Contrast in Charts and Visualizations

    Color contrast plays a crucial role in readability, especially for users with visual impairments. According to WCAG SC 1.4.3: Contrast (Minimum, the standard text should have a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1, while large text (18pt or 14pt bold) requires a minimum of 3:1. These guidelines also apply to key chart elements, including labels, axes, and text within visualizations, ensuring that information remains clear and accessible to all users.

    To check your color choices, use tools like WebAIM’s Contrast Checker or Chrome DevTools’ built-in accessibility features. If your text lacks sufficient contrast, consider adjusting to darker text on lighter backgrounds or using bolder, larger fonts. Prioritizing accessible data in your visualizations not only enhances clarity but also improves the user experience for a wider audience.

    Avoiding Color-Only Differentiation

    When a chart relies on color alone to show differences in categories—like red for “loss” and green for “gain”—users with color blindness might not be able to tell them apart. WCAG SC 1.4.1 (Use of Color) emphasizes that color can’t be the only method used to communicate information.

    To fix this, you can:

    • Use patterns or textures in bar charts or pie slices.
    • Add direct labels or annotations next to the data points.
    • Include icons or distinct shapes to differentiate data series.

    Scalability and Zoom Support

    Many people need to zoom in to read small text or fine details. According to WCAG SC 1.4.4(Resize Text), users should be able to zoom up to 200% without losing content or functionality. Test how your charts scale on both desktop and mobile screens. This may involve using scalable vector graphics (SVG) or ensuring your chart library supports responsive resizing.

    Providing Text Alternatives and Descriptive Labeling

    Alt Text for Simple Charts

    For simpler charts—like a basic bar chart comparing two or three items—brief alt text can be enough. This alt text should include the following:

    • The overall trend or purpose of the chart (e.g., “A bar chart comparing monthly sales in January and February…”).
    • Key numbers or comparisons (if they’re crucial to understanding the data).

    Avoid including every detail if it’s not necessary. Alt text is meant to be concise yet informative.

    Breaking Down Complex Data with Text Summaries

    If your chart is more detailed—perhaps showing multiple data series or a longer timeline—alt text alone won’t cover it. In that case, it’s better to provide a text summary that covers the main insights:

    • Describe what the chart is measuring (“Average temperature trends across five cities…”).
    • Highlight any interesting data points or outliers (“City A had a significantly higher temperature in July…”).
    • Provide overall conclusions that help readers understand key takeaways.

    Using ARIA for More Detailed Descriptions

    If a simple alt text or summary doesn’t do your data justice, you can use aria-describedby to link your chart to a more extended description elsewhere on the page. This approach ensures screen reader users have access to more in-depth data without crowding the main alt text.

    When writing these extended descriptions:

    • Keep your text organized with headings or bullet points.
    • Clearly label each section so users know what information they’re accessing.
    • Make sure screen readers can announce the description properly by placing it in a logical spot on the page or using hidden text if necessary.

    Structuring Data Tables for Screen Readers

    Another highly accessible way to present data is through tables. If you can’t convey the full meaning of a chart in alt text, consider adding a well-structured HTML table. Be sure to:

    • Use <th> elements for headers.
    • Include a <caption> that describes the table’s purpose.
    • Provide a summary if the table is complex.

    For example:

    <table>
      <caption>Monthly Sales for Q1</caption>
      <thead>
        <tr>
          <th scope="col">Month</th>
          <th scope="col">Sales ($)</th>
        </tr>
      </thead>
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <th scope="row">January</th>
          <td>10,000</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <th scope="row">February</th>
          <td>12,000</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <th scope="row">March</th>
          <td>9,500</td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>

    Well-coded tables help screen readers identify the rows, columns, and header relationships.

    Making Interactive Charts and Graphs Accessible

    Keyboard Navigation and Focus Management

    If your chart is interactive—allowing filters, tooltips, or zoom functions—it’s crucial that all features are accessible by keyboard alone. This means:

    • Users should be able to tab through each interactive element.
    • The focus order should make sense, moving in a logical sequence.
    • Dropdowns, sliders, or filters must also be operable without a mouse.

    By implementing these best practices, you can guarantee accessible data interactions for all users, including those who rely on keyboard navigation.

    Ensuring Tooltips and Popups are Accessible

    A big challenge is making sure that tooltips triggered by hovering can also be triggered by keyboard actions, like pressing the Enter or Space keys. Also, make sure each tooltip has an accessible name and description so screen readers can announce it properly. WAI-ARIA attributes like role= "tooltip" and aria-hidden= "false" (when the tooltip is visible) can help.

    Using Semantic HTML and ARIA Roles

    Use semantic HTML elements like <svg> for vector graphics where possible. If you’re using <canvas> or more complex libraries, add proper ARIA roles and states so screen readers know how to interpret them. Clear focus indicators are also important so users can see where they are when tabbing through interactive features.

    Choosing Static vs. Interactive Charts

    Interactive charts can be powerful, but they’re not always the best choice for every audience. Sometimes, a well-labeled static chart is more accessible data and easier to understand. If you have users who need data quickly and without extra steps, offering both a static image and an interactive version can meet multiple needs.

    Selecting and Adapting Chart Types for Accessibility

    Accessible Bar Charts

    Bar charts are among the easiest to make accessible, as long as you:

    • Clearly label each bar.
    • Use more than color to differentiate bars—consider patterns or direct labeling.
    • Provide a descriptive axis label so users know what each bar represents.

    Accessible Line Graphs

    Line graphs can be tricky for those with low vision. To improve accessibility:

    • Use different line styles (solid, dashed, dotted) to distinguish multiple data sets.
    • Add shape markers at each data point so color-blind users can still tell them apart.
    • Make sure your axes and legends are clear, with sufficient contrast.

    Accessible Pie Charts

    Pie charts can be confusing when there are too many slices. Limit your chart to a small number of slices and label each piece directly. Also, add patterns or textures if you use color coding. If your data is too complex, think about using a different format, like a table or bar chart.

    Handling Complex Data Visualizations

    If your data is large or contains many variables, consider breaking it down into smaller charts. This approach, called “small multiples,” allows users to compare data across several simpler charts rather than one overwhelming visualization. Include thorough text explanations and summaries to give context and help users understand the bigger picture.

    Advanced Accessibility Techniques for Charts and Data Displays

    Providing Multiple Data Views

    Not everyone can interpret data in the same way, so offering a toggle between a chart view and a table view can be extremely helpful. For example, you could have a button labeled “Show Data as Table” that, when clicked, reveals an accessible HTML table with the same information.

    Supporting Screen Readers with Data Annotations

    For charts that update in real-time—like stock price tickers—add announcements with ARIA live regions if something significant changes. This way, screen reader users will be notified when new data appears, but be careful not to overload them with constant updates.

    Making Dynamic and Real-Time Data Accessible

    Real-time data can be challenging because it often changes so frequently. Focus on essential changes and clearly label them. If you’re running live dashboards or analytics that refresh, allow users to control the refresh rate or pause the updates. This helps users keep track of what’s changed without confusion.

    Testing and Validating Chart Accessibility

    Manual Testing with Assistive Technologies

    Always test your charts using real assistive tools such as:

    • Screen readers like  NVDA, JAWS, or VoiceOver.
    • Keyboard-only navigation for all interactive elements.

    This hands-on testing helps you catch issues that automated checkers might miss, like poor focus order or unannounced chart labels.

    Automated Testing Tools

    Tools like WAVE Accessibility Checker and Lighthouse’s Accessibility Audit in Chrome can highlight potential problems. However, automated tools can only find about 30% of accessibility issues, so don’t rely on them alone.

    User Testing and Real-World Validation

    Finally, the best way to confirm that your data visualizations are truly accessible is to test them with actual users who rely on assistive technology. Gather feedback and be prepared to iterate on your design. Accessibility is an ongoing process that benefits greatly from real-world input.

    Creating Data-Driven Experiences for All Users

    Inclusive data visualizations aren’t just a courtesy—they’re the key to truly understanding and acting on the information that drives our businesses, classrooms, and communities. By deliberately designing charts and graphs that everyone can parse, you’re ensuring your message resonates with the widest possible audience. You’re also upholding the principles of equality, transparency, and innovation that propel the web forward.

    Start your journey toward full web accessibility today—reach out to 216digital using the form below! Our team of accessibility experts is ready to assess your site and provide tailored solutions to ensure that all visitors can easily access your content.Don’t let accessible data remain an afterthought—take the first step toward a more inclusive online presence now.

    Greg McNeil

    February 12, 2025
    How-to Guides
    Accessibility, Accessible Data, How-to, Web Accessibility, web developers, web development, Website Accessibility
  • How to Write and Design Accessible Links

    Links are the building blocks of web navigation. They are the portals that connect users to information, resources, and actions across the internet. Whether you’re browsing a blog, shopping online, or reading an article, links play a crucial role in how you experience the web.

    For a link to be truly effective, it needs to meet fundamental user expectations. Links should be predictable, accessible, and functional across all devices and interaction methods, from mouse and keyboard to touchscreens and screen readers. When creating accessible links, there are three core aspects to keep in mind:

    1. Writing links that are meaningful and user-friendly.
    2. Designing links for visibility and interaction.
    3. Coding links for accessibility, SEO, and device compatibility.

    In this article, we’ll dive into each of these aspects to help you design and write accessible links that ensure a seamless experience for all users.

    1. Writing Links: Clarity and Context Matter

    Anchor text is the clickable part of a link, and it should always provide clear, meaningful context. Users rely on anchor text to understand where the link will take them. Generic phrases like “Click Here” or “Read More” do not give enough information about the content that the link points to, making it harder for users to make decisions.

    Examples of poor vs. good link text:

    • ❌ “Click here to learn about accessibility.”
    • ✅ “Learn about web accessibility best practices.”

    By being specific and descriptive, you create accessible links that users can easily understand and navigate.

    Structuring Links for Scannability

    Research shows that users often scan pages rather than reading them word for word. This means that the structure of your links matters. To make your links easy to scan, follow these tips:

    • Place important keywords at the beginning of the anchor text.
    • Avoid linking entire sentences—focus on the most relevant words.
    • Use consistent phrasing across similar links.

    For instance, if you’re linking to multiple articles about web accessibility, keep the format and phrasing consistent across all of them. This will make it easier for users to predict what each link offers, improving accessibility.

    Handling Email and Phone Links Correctly

    Links that direct users to email addresses or phone numbers need to be formatted correctly. The proper way to link email and phone numbers is as follows:

    • Email: mailto:hello@example.com
    • Phone: tel:+1234567890

    It’s also important to note that displaying contact information directly on the page, rather than relying solely on links, is more user-friendly. For example, showing your email address and phone number on your page is helpful for users who might have trouble interacting with links. For mobile users, providing an easy tap-to-call experience can improve usability.

    Linking to Downloadable Files

    When linking to downloadable files, it’s essential to set proper expectations for users. Make sure you provide information about:

    • The file format (e.g., PDF, DOCX, ZIP).
    • The file size (e.g., “PDF, 2MB”).
    • Contextual information about what the file contains (e.g., “Download our 2024 SEO Guide (PDF, 5MB)”).

    Examples of misleading vs. helpful download links:

    • ❌ “Click here to download the file.”
    • ✅ “Download our 2024 SEO Guide (PDF, 5MB).”

    By providing clear details about what users are downloading, you create accessible links that prevent confusion.

    2. Designing Links: Visibility and Usability

    To ensure your links are visible and easy to recognize, they should look like links. The most common indicator is underlined text.

    • Color contrast: Ensure a minimum contrast ratio of 4.5:1 between text and background for normal text, and 3:1 for underlined text.
    • Avoid relying on hover-only indicators, such as a color change without underlining, as they are not accessible to all users.

    By following these design principles, you make your links more visible, helping users navigate your site easily.

    Interactive States: Hover, Focus, and Active

    Links should provide clear visual feedback when users interact with them. This helps users understand what is clickable and what is not.

    For hover effects, consider changing the color, underlining the text, or using an animation. For focus states, which are essential for keyboard users, make sure the link is outlined with high contrast, such as:

    outline: 2px solid #005fcc;

    This ensures that all users, including those with limited mobility or visual impairments, can interact with your accessible links.

    Clickable Area and Spacing

    On touch devices, links need to be large enough to tap comfortably. The recommended minimum tap target size is 44×44 pixels.

    Additionally, make sure links are spaced out enough so that users can tap or click them without accidentally selecting the wrong one. This is especially important on mobile devices, where smaller screens can lead to accidental taps.

    Should Links Open in a New Tab?

    By default, links should open in the same tab to avoid disorienting users. However, there are situations where opening a link in a new tab is appropriate:

    • External links to other websites.
    • Downloadable files.
    • Preventing users from losing unsaved progress (e.g., in a form).

    If a link opens in a new tab, always notify users beforehand. This can be done by adding a phrase like “Opens in a new tab” next to the link:

    <a href="example.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Example (Opens in a new tab)</a>

    Coding Links: Best Practices for Developers

    Semantic HTML: The <a> Tag Is Essential

    When coding links, always use the correct HTML element: the <a> tag. This element provides the necessary structure for links to be accessible.

    Correct usage:

    <a href="example.com">Visit Example</a>

    Incorrect usage (breaks keyboard accessibility):

    <div onclick="window.location='example.com'">Visit Example</div>

    Using <a> ensures that all users, including those using screen readers or keyboard navigation, can interact with your accessible links.

    Internal Links and Page Anchors

    In-page links (or jump links) allow users to navigate directly to different sections of a page. To ensure proper accessibility, use anchor tags with corresponding id attributes.

    Example of an in-page link:

    <a href="#section">Jump to Section</a>
    <h2 id="section">Section Title</h2>
    To ensure keyboard focus follows the jump, use tabindex="-1":
    <h2 id="section" tabindex="-1">Section Title</h2>

    Using ARIA for Accessible Link Labels

    If you’re using icons for links (such as social media buttons), it’s important to make sure they have accessible names. You can achieve this by using ARIA labels.

    Example with ARIA:

    <a href="https://twitter.com" aria-label="Visit us on Twitter. Opens External Webpage">
      <i class="fab fa-twitter"></i>
    </a>

    Alternatively, include visible text along with the icon:

    <a href="https://twitter.com">
      <i class="fab fa-twitter"></i> Twitter
    </a>

    Managing External Links Securely

    When opening external links in new tabs, always use rel="noopener noreferrer" to prevent security risks:

    <a href="https://example.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Visit Example</a>

    This practice helps keep your site secure and protects users’ privacy.

    Testing and Improving Links

    Manual Accessibility Testing

    To ensure your links are accessible, perform manual testing:

    • Keyboard navigation: Can you tab to every link?
    • Screen readers: Does every link make sense without visual context?
    • Test the color contrast using tools like the WebAIM Contrast Checker.

    Automated Testing Tools

    You can also use automated tools to check for accessibility issues:

    • Google Lighthouse: Checks for accessibility issues, including link problems.
    • WAVE and a11y.Radar: Other helpful tools for automated accessibility testing.

    A Link is a Promise, Not a Surprise

    Every link you create is a promise to your users. By following best practices for writing, designing, and coding accessible links, you help guide users seamlessly to their next destination without frustration. Accessible links improve navigation, accessibility, and the overall user experience for everyone.

    To ensure your website is fully accessible, consider auditing your links using the strategies outlined in this article. Want to take the next step? Schedule an ADA compliance briefing with 216digital to assess your site’s accessibility and learn how to improve it.

    Greg McNeil

    February 11, 2025
    How-to Guides
    Accessibility, descriptive link text, How-to, Links, Web Accessible Links, Website Accessibility
  • Accessibility Barriers: The Problem with Placeholders

    Form design might seem simple at first. You add text fields, maybe a dropdown or two, and call it a day. But when it comes to guiding users, many designers rely on placeholders to show instructions or examples inside the input fields. On the surface, this seems like a neat way to save space and keep the layout clean. However, those same placeholders can create big usability and accessibility issues.

    If you’ve been counting on placeholders to label your form fields, it might be time to rethink your approach. In this article, we’ll explore why placeholders cause problems, especially for people with disabilities, and how you can design forms that are clearer and easier for everyone to use.

    Why Placeholders Cause Problems in Forms

    1. They Disappear When Users Start Typing

    Picture this: a user clicks on a field that says “Enter your phone number,” the moment they begin typing, that instruction vanishes. If they suddenly forget the exact format or details required, they have to either clear the field to see the placeholder again or guess what was there in the first place. This can be annoying in simple fields, but it becomes a real headache in longer or more complex forms. Each additional step or moment of confusion can lead to higher drop-off rates and reduced accuracy.

    2. Not All Browsers Support Them

    Although modern browsers generally display placeholders, some older or less common browsers may not. When these browsers skip placeholders altogether, the user has zero guidance or instruction for the field. If your form is already barebones—meaning you’ve omitted labels or separate hint text—people on unsupported browsers are left to figure it out on their own. This can be especially problematic when international or low-tech audiences may rely on older systems.

    3. Once Filled, Fields Lose Context

    After a user inputs data into a field, the purpose of that field may not be obvious. This is especially true for details like phone numbers, ZIP codes, or other specialized information. Without visible labels, users who step away from their screens or return later might forget the exact context for each field and whether it requires a specific format (e.g., whether to include country codes or parentheses for phone numbers).

    4. Reviewing Answers Becomes a Hassle

    Many people like to review their answers before hitting the Submit button. However, if placeholder text disappears once the user types something in, they can’t quickly verify whether their entry meets the field’s requirements. This can lead to overlooked mistakes—like mixing up month and day in date fields or forgetting to include a state abbreviation in an address.

    5. Fixing Errors Gets Confusing

    When a form returns an error message, it often refers to a specific label or hint. Without a visible label, a user might only see a generic error message like “Invalid entry” without knowing how to fix it. They’re left guessing whether they must add a certain number of characters, switch from text to numbers, or follow a specific pattern. This guesswork can be frustrating and lead to abandoned forms.

    6. Some Browsers Hide Placeholders When the Field Is Focused

    In certain older browsers, clicking or tabbing into an input field removes the placeholder immediately. Suppose a user didn’t fully absorb the instructions beforehand. In that case, they’ll have to navigate out of the field and back in, or potentially delete any typed text, to see the placeholder again. It’s a minor issue but yet another piece of friction.

    7. They Can Be Mistaken for an Actual Answer

    Placeholder text usually has a lighter contrast to differentiate it from actual user input, but the difference can be subtle. Some users might assume the placeholder is pre-filled data and skip the field altogether. Or they might try to erase the text, only to realize it’s a placeholder, not a typed entry.

    8. Low Contrast Makes Them Hard to Read

    One frequent design choice is to make placeholders light gray. This aesthetic might look sleek but can be challenging to read for people with visual impairments or even those using a device in bright sunlight. Low contrast is a direct accessibility barrier and may violate the  Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) guidelines, which recommend sufficient contrast between text and background.

    9. Some Screen Readers Don’t Read Placeholder Text

    Screen reader support for placeholders is inconsistent. Some devices or assistive tools ignore placeholders entirely, leaving users no context. If you rely on placeholders to communicate critical instructions, this group of users may miss out on the information they need.

    10. Smaller Clickable Area Without Labels

    When you have a label element associated with a form field, clicking the label sets focus on that field. This feature is handy, especially for people with motor impairments who benefit from a larger clickable target. Without a proper label, users might have to click precisely on the field, which can be more complicated.

    11. Placeholder Text Gets Cut Off

    Long placeholder text often doesn’t fit in the space provided, so it gets truncated. If the most crucial part of the instruction is at the end—like a date format or suffix—it may not be visible. Mobile users, in particular, have limited screen space, making it even more likely that critical instructions get chopped.

    12. Some Browsers Don’t Translate Placeholders

    If you depend on browser-based translation (like Google Translate in Chrome), remember that these tools don’t always translate placeholder text. International users might see fields with instructions in a language they don’t understand, putting them at a disadvantage.

    13. Auto-Complete Can Mess Things Up

    Browsers often auto-fill fields such as name or email based on saved user information. When that happens, the placeholder text is never shown. If the user doesn’t recall the exact format needed—like whether the phone number should include a dash or parentheses—they might submit the wrong thing without even realizing it.

    14. High Contrast Mode Makes Placeholders Look Like User Input

    High Contrast Mode in Windows can shift placeholder text to the same color as regular text. In that situation, a placeholder might appear identical to actual input, confusing users who think the field is already filled in or assume it’s a default value.

    What You Should Do Instead

    Rather than relying on placeholders, consider these best practices:

    Use a Visible Label

    Make sure every form field has a label that stays on the screen. Labels tell users—sighted, low vision, or blind—what the field is for. They also help screen reader users navigate more easily.

    Put Hint Text Below the Label

    If you need to offer more guidance, place this text below or next to the label. This way, the hint stays visible all the time. It won’t disappear once someone starts typing.

    Provide Clear Formatting Instructions

    Instead of relying on placeholders, add clear examples outside the input field. For instance, you could show “MM/DD/YYYY” under the “Date of Birth” label. Users can see the format without losing the prompt.

    Test for Accessibility

    Test your forms with screen readers and try them in high-contrast mode. Check that the labels are clear, that hint text stands out, and that the form works well even if placeholders don’t show up at all. Tools like WAVE or Google Lighthouse can help identify accessibility barriers.

    Consider Better UX Patterns

    Inline validation, tooltips, or progressive disclosure can guide users in a more reliable way. These methods let users see error messages or instructions at just the right time, without losing any important label text.

    Clear Forms, Better Experiences

    Using placeholders might seem like a clean and modern design choice, but it often causes more trouble than it’s worth. From disappearing instructions to accessibility issues, placeholders can leave users frustrated and unsure. Instead of relying on placeholders, give each field a clear label and keep helpful guidance visible. By doing so, you’ll create a smoother, more inclusive experience for everyone who visits your site.

    Need help making sure your forms are user-friendly and accessible? 216digital specializes in improving digital experiences for all users. Reach out to us today to learn how we can help you design better, more inclusive forms—no placeholders needed.

    Greg McNeil

    February 6, 2025
    How-to Guides
    Accessibility, How-to, Web Accessibility Remediation, web developers, web development, Website Accessibility
  • Why No ARIA Is Better Than Bad ARIA

    It’s tempting to think of ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) as the one-stop solution for all your accessibility needs. After all, ARIA exists to help developers create web content that works better for people who use assistive technology, like screen readers. But here’s the catch: if you misuse ARIA—or in places where it isn’t needed—you can end up making your site less accessible, not more.

    This post will explain why semantic HTML should always be your go-to approach, when and why ARIA is beneficial, the most common ARIA mistakes, and best practices for getting it right. By the end, you’ll see how “less is more” often applies to ARIA and why sticking to native elements can save you—and your users—a lot of trouble.

    What Is ARIA (and Why Does It Matter)?

    ARIA stands for Web Accessibility Initiative – Accessible Rich Internet Applications. Created by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), ARIA provides a set of roles, states, and properties that help assistive technologies (like screen readers) understand the meaning and function of different elements on a webpage. It’s beneficial for complex or dynamic interfaces that native HTML elements don’t fully cover—such as custom sliders or tab interfaces.

    However, the real power of ARIA depends on how it’s used. Applying ARIA roles in the wrong places or mislabeling states can lead to confusion and errors. Users relying on screen readers might hear incorrect information about what’s on the page or even miss out on essential controls. If you’re not cautious, you could do more harm than good.

    Why Semantic HTML Should Be Your First Choice

    Before jumping into ARIA, remember that semantic HTML is the foundation of accessible web design. Native elements, like <header>, <nav>, <button>, and <footer>, come with many built-in features that screen readers and other assistive tools already understand.

    What is Semantic HTML?

    It refers to HTML elements that clearly describe their meaning. For instance, a <nav> element signals that it contains navigation links. A <button> says, “I’m something clickable!” to both users and screen readers.

    Why Does it Matter?

    When you use semantic elements, you’re using markup that browsers and screen readers know how to interpret. This often means you don’t need ARIA at all—because everything is already handled for you.

    Real-world Example

    If you need a button, just use <button> instead of a <div> with role= "button". Screen readers automatically identify a <button> as a button, while a <div> is just a generic container. Adding a role= "button" to that <div> can work, but it’s extra code and is often less reliable than using a <button> in the first place.

    By relying on these built-in elements, your code is simpler and more intuitive. You’re also less likely to cause confusion when you mix ARIA roles with native roles.

    When (and Why) ARIA Is Actually Needed

    So, if semantic HTML is so powerful, why do we have ARIA at all?

    Filling the Gaps

    HTML is great, but it’s not perfect. Some interactive elements—like complex sliders, tab panels, or sortable tables—aren’t natively supported (or are only partially supported) by standard HTML tags. ARIA helps fill in these gaps by providing additional metadata.

    Roles, States, and Properties

    ARIA is split into three main categories: roles (what is this thing?), states (what is its current condition?), and properties (how does it behave?). These allow screen readers to give users a clearer picture of what’s happening on the page.

    Example: Tabs and sliders

    If you’re building a tab interface from scratch, you might rely on a series of <div> elements. You’d need ARIA attributes like role= "tablist", role= "tab“, and role= "tabpanel", plus properties like aria-selected= "true" or aria-hidden= "true" to show which tab is active.

    Ultimately, ARIA becomes crucial when the default HTML elements don’t cover the level of interactivity or complexity you need. That might be a custom widget or a specialized interface that doesn’t map neatly to existing HTML tags.

    The Most Common ARIA Mistakes (and Why They’re a Problem)

    Misusing Roles

    Sometimes, developers add ARIA roles to elements out of habit, without stopping to see if the native element would have worked better. If you set role= "button" on a <div>, you must also manually manage keyboard interactions and focus states. If you don’t, assistive technology users may be unable to click or navigate to this “button” effectively.

    Example

    <!-- Not so good -->
    <div role="button" tabindex="0" onclick="doSomething()">
      Click me
    </div>
    
    <!-- Better -->
    <button onclick="doSomething()">Click me</button>

    Using a <button> means you get keyboard focus, click events, and screen reader recognition by default—no extra ARIA or scripting needed.

    Redundant or Conflicting Roles

    Many elements come with built-in roles. A <nav> element is understood as “navigation,” and a <ul> is understood as a list. If you add role= "navigation" to a <nav>, you’re restating something already known. In some cases, overriding a native role with a custom role can even interfere with how assistive technologies interpret the element.

    Example

    <!-- Not so good -->
    <nav role="navigation">
      <!-- Navigation links here -->
    </nav>
    
    <!-- Better -->
    <nav>
      <!-- Navigation links here -->
    </nav>

    Here, adding role= "navigation" is unnecessary and could create confusion in some tools.

    Incorrect State Management

    ARIA states, like aria-expanded or aria-checked, must accurately reflect the element’s real condition. If your dropdown menu is closed but you have aria-expanded= “true”, a screen reader user will hear that the menu is open—even though it isn’t. This mismatch can be very disorienting.

    Example

    <!-- Not so good: says it's expanded when it's actually closed -->
    <button aria-expanded="true" onclick="toggleMenu()">Menu</button>
    
    <!-- Better: toggle the value dynamically with JavaScript -->
    <button aria-expanded="false" onclick="toggleMenu()">Menu</button>

    Make sure your script updates aria-expanded to reflect the actual state of the menu (true when open, false when closed).

    ARIA Overload

    Adding too many ARIA attributes can clutter the information that screen readers must process. For instance, overusing aria-live regions can cause screen readers to constantly read out changes that might not be important. This can frustrate users and cause them to miss critical content.

    Example

    <!-- Not so good: multiple live regions announcing frequent updates -->
    <div aria-live="polite">Update 1</div>
    <div aria-live="polite">Update 2</div>
    <div aria-live="polite">Update 3</div>
    
    <!-- Better: only announce genuinely important changes -->
    <div aria-live="polite" id="importantUpdates"></div>
    

    If you really need to announce multiple updates, try grouping them or letting users opt-in.

    Misusing aria-hidden

    aria-hidden= "true" tells screen readers to ignore an element. If you add this attribute to interactive content—like a button, form field, or link—you’re effectively locking out users who rely on assistive tech.

    Important: Hiding something visually is not always the same as hiding it from screen readers. Don’t use aria-hidden if the content is still necessary for some users.

    Example

    <!-- Not so good: Interactive element is hidden from screen readers -->
    <button aria-hidden="true" onclick="doSomething()">Buy Now</button>
    
    <!-- Better: If you need to hide it visually for some reason, do so with CSS,
         but keep it accessible to screen readers. -->
    <button class="visually-hidden" onclick="doSomething()">Buy Now</button>

    (“Visually hidden” classes typically hide elements from sighted users but keep them available to assistive tech.)

    Why “No ARIA” is Often the Best Choice

    The golden rule is this: bad ARIA is worse than no ARIA at all. Why? Because at least with no ARIA, the user experience reverts to the default behaviors of native HTML, which assistive technologies are designed to understand. But if you add incorrect ARIA roles or states, you can mislead screen readers entirely.

    In many cases, the standard HTML element does everything you need. By default, a <button> is keyboard-accessible, announces itself as a button, and can have an accessible label. Adding role= "button" to a <div> only means more overhead for you and possibly less clarity for users.

    Best Practices for Using ARIA the Right Way

    Use Native HTML First

    Always check whether you can use a built-in HTML element. This approach is simpler to code, more reliable, and better for accessibility out of the gate.

    Example

    Instead of:

    <div role="button" tabindex="0">Submit</div>

    Use:

    <button>Submit</button>

    No extra attributes, no confusion—just a straightforward button.

    Be Precise with Roles and States

    If you must use ARIA, choose the exact role that matches the purpose of your element. Also, keep an eye on the current state—like aria-expanded, aria-checked, or aria-selected—and update it only when something changes.

    Example

    <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu" onclick="toggleMenu()">Menu</button>
    <ul id= "menu" hidden>
      <li>Home</li>
      <li>Services</li>
      <li>Contact</li>
    </ul>

    In this example, setting aria-expanded= "false" on the button shows it’s not expanded. When the user clicks, you can switch that to true in your JavaScript.

    Don’t Add ARIA Where It’s Not Needed

    If an element already serves a clear function, adding a role that duplicates it is just noise for screen readers.

    Example

    <!-- Not so good -->
    <ul role="list">
      <li>Item 1</li>
      <li>Item 2</li>
    </ul>
    
    <!-- Better -->
    <ul>
      <li>Item 1</li>
      <li>Item 2</li>
    </ul>

    A <ul> is already recognized as a list by assistive technology.

    Test with Real Assistive Tech

    Tools like automated accessibility checkers are helpful, but they can’t catch everything. The best way to confirm your site’s accessibility is to test it with screen readers (like NVDA, JAWS, or VoiceOver) and try navigating entirely with a keyboard. If you can, get feedback from people who actually use these tools every day—they can point out mistakes or obstacles you might miss otherwise.

    Conclusion

    Using ARIA incorrectly can do more harm than good. In fact, it can make websites less accessible and confusing for users who rely on screen readers. The first step to building an accessible website is to stick with semantic HTML wherever possible. If you need ARIA—especially for complex custom widgets—be sure to use it carefully, accurately reflecting each element’s true roles and states. Then, test your work with real users and assistive technologies to make sure you’re making things better, not worse.

    Following these guidelines helps create a smoother experience for every visitor, including those using assistive technology. Remember: if you can solve your problem with native HTML, do that first. If not, ARIA can be a fantastic tool—just be sure you’re using it correctly.

    Need Help with Web Accessibility?

    Making a website accessible can be tricky, especially when it comes to knowing how and when to use ARIA. 216digital specializes in web accessibility, from ARIA best practices to full WCAG compliance. If you’re ready to take the next step toward a more inclusive web experience, reach out to us today! Let’s work together to ensure your site remains welcoming—and functional—for every user.

    Greg McNeil

    February 4, 2025
    How-to Guides
    Accessibility, ARIA, How-to, WCAG, Web Accessibility, web developers, web development
  • Web Accessibility: Making Drop-Down Menus User-Friendly

    Drop-down menus are a staple in website navigation, offering a compact way to organize and access multiple links. But while they streamline user experience, they can also create significant barriers if not designed with accessibility in mind. For users who rely on screen readers, keyboard navigation, or other assistive technologies, a poorly implemented menu can turn a simple browsing experience into a frustrating ordeal.

    This article will guide website owners, developers, and content creators on how to create accessible drop-down menus that enhance usability for all users. We’ll cover foundational accessibility principles, best coding practices, and testing methods to ensure your menus are inclusive and user-friendly.

    Foundational Accessibility Principles for Drop-Down Menus

    To build accessible drop-down menus, start by understanding core web accessibility principles. Here are the three most critical aspects:

    1. Use Semantic HTML

    Semantic HTML ensures that content is meaningful and properly interpreted by assistive technologies. Instead of using <div> or <span> elements for interactive components, use appropriate HTML elements like:

    • <nav> for navigation sections
    • <ul> and <li> for menu structures
    • <button> to toggle drop-down visibility

    For example:

    <nav>
      <button aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" id="menuButton">Menu</button>
      <ul id="menu" hidden>
        <li><a href="#">Home</a></li>
        <li><a href="#">About</a></li>
        <li><a href="#">Services</a></li>
        <li><a href="#">Contact</a></li>
      </ul>
    </nav>

    2. Ensure Keyboard Navigation

    Users who navigate via keyboard should be able to open, close, and move through the menu using the Tab and arrow keys. Ensure the following behaviors:

    • The menu should open with Enter or Space when focused on the toggle button.
    • The Esc key should close the menu.
    • Arrow keys should allow navigation within the menu items.

    3. Use ARIA Roles and Attributes Wisely

    ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) attributes help convey additional information to screen readers. However, improper use can create confusion. Apply ARIA roles correctly:

    • aria-haspopup="true" indicates that a button controls a drop-down menu.
    • aria-expanded="false" updates dynamically when the menu is opened or closed.
    • role="menu" and role="menuitem" clarify the structure.

    Example implementation:

    <button aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" id="menuButton">Menu</button>
    <ul id="menu" role="menu" hidden>
      <li role="menuitem"><a href="#">Home</a></li>
      <li role="menuitem"><a href="#">About</a></li>
      <li role="menuitem"><a href="#">Services</a></li>
    </ul>

    Structuring Accessible Drop-Down Menus

    Now that we’ve covered the principles, let’s implement an accessible drop-down menu using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

    1. Toggling Visibility

    A menu should only be visible when needed. Use JavaScript to control visibility:

    const menuButton = document.getElementById('menuButton');
    const menu = document.getElementById('menu');
    menuButton.addEventListener('click', () => {
      const expanded = menuButton.getAttribute('aria-expanded') === 'true';
      menuButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', !expanded);
      menu.hidden = expanded;
    });

    2. Managing Focus for Keyboard Users

    When a menu opens, focus should shift inside it. When it closes, focus should return to the toggle button:

    toggle button:
    menuButton.addEventListener('click', () => {
      menu.hidden = !menu.hidden;
      menu.hidden ? menuButton.focus() : menu.querySelector('a').focus();
    });

    3. Enabling Smooth Keyboard Interactions

    To navigate the menu with arrow keys, use this approach:

    menu.addEventListener('keydown', (event) => {
      const items = [...menu.querySelectorAll('a')];
      let index = items.indexOf(document.activeElement);
      
      if (event.key === 'ArrowDown') {
        event.preventDefault();
        index = (index + 1) % items.length;
        items[index].focus();
      } else if (event.key === 'ArrowUp') {
        event.preventDefault();
        index = (index - 1 + items.length) % items.length;
        items[index].focus();
      } else if (event.key === 'Escape') {
        menu.hidden = true;
        menuButton.focus();
      }
    });

    Testing Your Drop-Down Menus for Accessibility

    1. Screen Reader Testing

    Use a screen reader like NVDA (Windows), VoiceOver (Mac), or JAWS to ensure:

    • Menus are announced properly.
    • aria-expanded updates correctly.
    • Navigation follows expected patterns.

    2. Keyboard Testing

    Try navigating your menu using only the keyboard. Ensure:

    • Tab reaches the menu.
    • Enter or Space opens the menu.
    • Arrow keys move between items.
    • Esc closes the menu.

    3. Contrast and Readability

    Ensure proper color contrast between text and background. Use tools like the WebAIM Contrast Checker to verify compliance with WCAG 2.1 standards.

    Best Practices for Creating Intuitive Menus

    • Keep It Simple: Avoid deep nesting that makes menus cumbersome.
    • Ensure Mobile Friendliness: Use larger touch targets for better usability.
    • Avoid Hover-Only Menus: They exclude keyboard users and some assistive technology users.
    • Provide Visual Indicators: Show clear changes when menus expand or collapse.

    Conclusion

    By using semantic HTML, managing focus properly, implementing ARIA roles correctly, and rigorously testing your menus, you can ensure they work for all users, regardless of ability.

    Accessible drop-down menus not only improve usability but also make your site more welcoming to all visitors. Implement these best practices today and make your navigation barrier-free!

    If you’re ready to take the next step toward digital inclusion, reach out to 216digital to schedule an ADA briefing. We’ll help you assess your website, develop a tailored plan, and guide you through the process of building an online presence that works for everyone. Don’t wait—contact us today and let’s make the internet a more accessible place together.

    Greg McNeil

    January 24, 2025
    How-to Guides
    Accessibility, drop-down menus, How-to, WCAG, Web Accessibility, web developers, web development
  • Accessibility Testing: Prioritize Fixes That Truly Matter

    Accessibility can feel like an overwhelming mountain to climb. Every round of accessibility testing uncovers new problems—some obvious, others hidden deep in the code or design. Where do you start when everything seems important? What if you tackle the wrong issue first, leaving users still stuck?

    These questions are important, and the answers can transform how your website serves all visitors. This guide isn’t just about fixing problems—it’s about focusing your efforts where they matter most. By exploring WebAIM’s four-level severity framework, you’ll learn how to prioritize issues effectively and make meaningful progress toward an inclusive website. Let’s dive in and figure this out together.

    WebAIM’s Four-Level Severity Framework

    WebAIM (Web Accessibility in Mind) categorizes accessibility issues into four levels of severity based on their impact on users. These categories help prioritize fixes by focusing on barriers that significantly affect user experience and access.

    Critical Issues

    Critical issues completely block users from accessing specific parts of your website or performing essential tasks. Addressing these issues should be the highest priority. Examples include:

    • Interactive elements, such as buttons or form inputs, that cannot be reached or activated using a keyboard.
    • Videos without captions, which exclude users who are deaf or hard of hearing.
    • Content that flashes or strobes in a way that could cause seizures for individuals with photosensitive epilepsy.

    To prevent these barriers, developers should prioritize using accessible, native HTML elements and perform thorough accessibility testing, including keyboard and screen reader evaluations, during the development process.

    Significant Issues

    Significant issues do not entirely block access but make interacting with the website cumbersome or frustrating for users. Examples include:

    • Missing visual focus indicators, which make it challenging for keyboard users to identify the currently focused element.
    • Poor color contrast that makes text difficult to read for users with visual impairments.

    These issues disrupt the user experience and should be addressed soon after critical issues to enhance accessibility.

    Moderate Issues

    Moderate issues require users to expend unnecessary effort or time to navigate and interact with web content but do not entirely impede access. Examples include:

    • Lack of properly structured semantic HTML, such as headings and regions, which slows navigation for screen reader users.
    • Generic or vague  descriptive link text (e.g., “Click here”) that fails to describe the destination or action clearly.
    • Animations that lack user controls, making it difficult for some users to focus on other content.

    Comprehensive accessibility testing ensures these moderate issues are identified and addressed to improve usability for all users.

    Minor Issues

    Minor issues do not create significant barriers but contribute to a polished and professional user experience when resolved. Examples include:

    • Slight inconsistencies in focus styles for keyboard navigation.
    • Overuse of ARIA attributes, such as redundant tabindex values on elements that are already focusable.

    While not urgent, fixing minor issues during routine updates demonstrates attention to detail and commitment to accessibility best practices.

    Step-by-Step Guide to Prioritizing Accessibility Fixes

    Feeling unsure where to start? Don’t worry—you’re not alone. Here’s a simple plan to categorize and tackle accessibility issues step by step:

    1. Conduct a Comprehensive Accessibility Audit

    Begin by testing your site with tools like  WAVE and Lighthouse. Then, complement these results with manual testing—navigate your site with a keyboard, try a screen reader, and zoom your browser window. Automated tools catch many issues, but hands-on testing uncovers usability challenges they miss.

    2. Categorize Issues by Severity

    Use WebAIM’s framework to prioritize fixes:

    • Critical issues should top your list, as they directly prevent access.
    • Serious issues come next, addressing significant usability gaps.
    • Moderate and minor issues can be grouped for later phases.

    A structured approach to accessibility testing ensures the most pressing barriers are resolved first.

    3. Consider the Impact on Your Audience

    Think about how each issue affects your users. For example, missing alt text on product images affects a wide audience and should take precedence. If you have user feedback, use it to identify pain points that need urgent attention.

    4. Focus on High-Traffic and High-Value Pages

    Start your efforts where they’ll have the greatest impact:

    • Homepage and landing pages.
    • Key interaction points like forms or checkout pages.
    • Frequently accessed resources such as blogs or FAQs.

    By targeting these areas during accessibility testing, you ensure that the improvements benefit the largest number of users.

    5. Use a Phased Approach for Moderate and Minor Issues

    After resolving critical and serious issues, create a plan for tackling moderate and minor ones. For instance:

    • Update heading structures during new content creation.
    • Fix descriptive link text during routine content reviews.

    Breaking these tasks into smaller phases makes the process manageable and less overwhelming.

    6. Test and Retest

    After making fixes, conduct accessibility testing again. If possible, involve users with disabilities to confirm your solutions work in real-world scenarios. Their feedback is invaluable and can guide future improvements.

    Tools and Techniques for Effective Accessibility Testing

    A good mix of tools and techniques ensures you catch both technical and usability issues. Here’s what to try:

    • Automated Tools: WAVE and Lighthouse are great for spotting common errors.
    • Manual Testing: Use a keyboard or screen reader to experience your site like some users do.
    • Color Contrast Checkers: WebAIM’s Contrast Checker ensures text is easy to read.
    • User Testing: Working with people who have disabilities provides first hand insights.

    Why Prioritization Matters

    Prioritizing fixes has clear benefits:

    • Faster Results: You can address critical barriers quickly and make your site accessible sooner.
    • Better Use of Resources: Time and budget go toward solving high-impact problems.
    • Happier Users: Fixing severe issues first improves usability for everyone.

    Taking things one step at a time, with regular accessibility testing, makes the process less overwhelming and helps you steadily improve your site.

    Final Thoughts

    Accessibility can feel like a big undertaking, but it doesn’t have to be. By focusing on the most critical barriers first and conducting consistent accessibility testing, you can make real progress without burning out. Accessibility isn’t a one-time project—it’s an ongoing commitment to creating a better digital experience for all.

    Imagine how many more people could enjoy your site if it were accessible to everyone. Whether you’re a developer, IT director, or content creator, each step you take helps make the web a more inclusive place.

    And you don’t have to do it alone. 216digital is here to help. From audits to ongoing accessibility testing and monitoring, we’ll guide you every step of the way. Together, we can create a website that’s user-friendly, inclusive, and aligned with the latest standards. Schedule your consultation today, and let’s get started making your site the best it can be!

    Greg McNeil

    January 21, 2025
    How-to Guides
    Accessibility, Accessibility testing, automated testing, How-to, WebAIM, Website Accessibility
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